{ "schemaVersion": 1, "datasetVersion": "2026.08.16", "title": "The Hippie Scientist Public Evidence Dataset 2026", "generatedFrom": "current indexable runtime records", "methodologyPath": "/info/editorial-policy/", "citationExplorerPath": "/learn/citation-explorer/", "citationText": "The Hippie Scientist. The Hippie Scientist Public Evidence Dataset 2026. 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"berberis-vulgaris", "name": "Berberis Vulgaris", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/berberis-vulgaris/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "beta-alanine", "name": "Beta-Alanine", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/beta-alanine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "bicarbonate", "name": "Bicarbonate", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/bicarbonate/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "biotin", "name": "Biotin", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/biotin/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "momordica-charantia", "name": "Bitter Melon", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/momordica-charantia/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "piper-nigrum", "name": "Black Pepper", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/piper-nigrum/", 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"Brassica Oleracea", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/brassica-oleracea/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "buckwheat", "name": "Buckwheat", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/buckwheat/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "bupleurum-falcatum", "name": "Bupleurum Falcatum", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/bupleurum-falcatum/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "burdock", "name": "Burdock", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/burdock/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "theobroma-cacao", "name": "Cacao", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/theobroma-cacao/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "calamus", "name": "Calamus", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/calamus/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "calcium", "name": "Calcium", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/calcium/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "calendula", "name": "Calendula", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/calendula/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "caraway", "name": "Caraway", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/caraway/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "elettaria-cardamomum", "name": "Cardamom", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/elettaria-cardamomum/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "carnitine-l-tartrate", "name": "Carnitine L Tartrate", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/carnitine-l-tartrate/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "carob", "name": "Carob", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/carob/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "celastrus-paniculatus", "name": "Celastrus Paniculatus", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/celastrus-paniculatus/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "chamomile", "name": "Chamomile", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/chamomile/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "matricaria-chamomilla", "name": "Chamomile", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/matricaria-chamomilla/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "chinese-skullcap", "name": "Chinese Skullcap", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/chinese-skullcap/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "choline", "name": "Choline", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/choline/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "chuanxiong", "name": "Chuanxiong", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/chuanxiong/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "cichorium-intybus", "name": "Cichorium Intybus", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/cichorium-intybus/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "cinnamomum-verum", "name": "Cinnamon", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/cinnamomum-verum/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "cinnamon-extract", "name": "Cinnamon extract", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/cinnamon-extract/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "cissus", "name": "Cissus", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/cissus/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "cistanche", "name": "Cistanche", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/cistanche/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "cdp-choline", "name": "Citicoline / CDP-choline", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/cdp-choline/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "citrus-bergamia", "name": "Citrus Bergamia", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/citrus-bergamia/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "citrus-sinensis", "name": "Citrus Sinensis", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/citrus-sinensis/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "cjc-1295", "name": "CJC-1295", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/cjc-1295/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "GHRH analog peptide", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "clove", "name": "Clove", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/clove/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "cnidium-monnieri", "name": 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"Cornus Officinalis", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/cornus-officinalis/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "corydalis", "name": "Corydalis", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/corydalis/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "cranberry", "name": "Cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/cranberry/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "creatine", "name": "Creatine", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/creatine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "crocetin", "name": "crocetin", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/crocetin/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "crocin", "name": "crocin", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/crocin/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "cryptotanshinone", "name": "cryptotanshinone", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/cryptotanshinone/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "curcuma-wenyujin", "name": "Curcuma Wenyujin", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/curcuma-wenyujin/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "curcuma-zedoaria", "name": "Curcuma Zedoaria", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/curcuma-zedoaria/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "curcumin", "name": "Curcumin", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/curcumin/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "curcumin-piperine", "name": "Curcumin + piperine", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/curcumin-piperine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "curry-leaf", "name": "Curry Leaf", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/curry-leaf/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "cyclea-peltata", "name": "Cyclea Peltata", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/cyclea-peltata/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "cymbopogon-citratus", "name": "Cymbopogon Citratus", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/cymbopogon-citratus/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "d-chiro-inositol", "name": "D-Chiro Inositol", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/d-chiro-inositol/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "dandelion", "name": "Dandelion", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/dandelion/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "danshen", "name": "Danshen", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/danshen/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "daphne-odora", "name": "Daphne Odora", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/daphne-odora/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "dendrobium", "name": "Dendrobium", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/dendrobium/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "devils-claw", "name": "Devils Claw Extract", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/devils-claw/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "dihydromethysticin", "name": "dihydromethysticin", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/dihydromethysticin/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "diosgenin", "name": "diosgenin", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/diosgenin/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "dong-quai", "name": "Dong Quai", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/dong-quai/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "echinacea", "name": "Echinacea", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/echinacea/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "echinacoside", "name": "echinacoside", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/echinacoside/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "epigallocatechin-gallate-egcg", "name": "EGCG", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/epigallocatechin-gallate-egcg/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "egcg-caffeine", "name": "EGCG + Caffeine", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/egcg-caffeine/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "elderberry", "name": "Elderberry", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/elderberry/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "elecampane", "name": "Elecampane", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/elecampane/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "eleuthero", "name": "Eleuthero", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/eleuthero/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "embelia-ribes", "name": "Embelia Ribes", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/embelia-ribes/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "epimedium", "name": "Epimedium", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/epimedium/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "epimedium-brevicornum", "name": "Epimedium Brevicornum", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/epimedium-brevicornum/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "eucalyptus", "name": "Eucalyptus", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/eucalyptus/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "eucommia", "name": "Eucommia", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/eucommia/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "farnesol", "name": "farnesol", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/farnesol/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "fennel", "name": "Fennel", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/fennel/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "fenugreek", "name": "Fenugreek", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/fenugreek/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "trigonella-foenum-graecum", "name": "Fenugreek", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/trigonella-foenum-graecum/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "fenugreek-extract", "name": "Fenugreek Extract", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/fenugreek-extract/", "evidenceGrade": "Avoid/Insufficient", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "ferulic-acid", "name": "ferulic acid", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/ferulic-acid/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "feverfew", "name": "Feverfew", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/feverfew/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "ficus-carica", "name": "Ficus Carica", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/ficus-carica/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "fingerroot", "name": "Fingerroot", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/fingerroot/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "forskolin", "name": "forskolin", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/forskolin/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "fraxinus-rhynchophylla", "name": "Fraxinus Rhynchophylla", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/fraxinus-rhynchophylla/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "fos", "name": "Fructooligosaccharides", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/fos/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "fucoxanthin", "name": "Fucoxanthin", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/fucoxanthin/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "galangal", "name": "Galangal", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/galangal/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "galantamine", "name": "Galantamine", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/galantamine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "garcinia-cambogia-extract", "name": "Garcinia Cambogia Extract", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/garcinia-cambogia-extract/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "garcinia-indica", "name": "Garcinia Indica", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/garcinia-indica/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "garcinol", "name": "garcinol", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/garcinol/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "allium-sativum", "name": "Garlic", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/allium-sativum/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "gastrodia", "name": "Gastrodia", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/gastrodia/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "ghk-cu", "name": "GHK-Cu", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/ghk-cu/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Copper-binding tripeptide", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "ginger", "name": "Ginger Zingiber officinale", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/ginger/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "ginkgo-biloba", "name": "Ginkgo", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/ginkgo-biloba/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "ginsenoside-rg3", "name": "ginsenoside rg3", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/ginsenoside-rg3/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "glucosamine", "name": "Glucosamine", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/glucosamine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "glycinate-magnesium-complex", "name": "Glycinate Magnesium Complex", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/glycinate-magnesium-complex/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "glycine", "name": "Glycine", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/glycine/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "gotu-kola", "name": "Gotu Kola Centella asiatica", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/gotu-kola/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "vitis-vinifera", "name": "Grape", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/vitis-vinifera/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "green-tea-egcg-isolated", "name": "Green Tea EGCG Isolated", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/green-tea-egcg-isolated/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "green-tea-extract", "name": "Green Tea Extract", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/green-tea-extract/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "green-tea-extract-egcg", "name": "Green tea extract / EGCG", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/green-tea-extract-egcg/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "guayusa", "name": "Guayusa", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/guayusa/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "guggulsterone", "name": "guggulsterone", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/guggulsterone/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "gymnema-sylvestre", "name": "Gymnema", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/gymnema-sylvestre/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "harpagophytum-procumbens", "name": "Harpagophytum Procumbens", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/harpagophytum-procumbens/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "crataegus-monogyna", "name": "Hawthorn", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/crataegus-monogyna/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "holy-basil", "name": "Holy Basil / Tulsi Ocimum tenuiflorum", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/holy-basil/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "honeysuckle", "name": "Honeysuckle", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/honeysuckle/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "hops", "name": "Hops", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/hops/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "horse-chestnut", "name": "Horse Chestnut", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/horse-chestnut/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "houttuynia", "name": "Houttuynia", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/houttuynia/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "huperzia-serrata", "name": "Huperzia Serrata", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/huperzia-serrata/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "huperzine-a", "name": "Huperzine A", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/huperzine-a/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "hydroxytyrosol", "name": "hydroxytyrosol", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/hydroxytyrosol/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "hypericum-perforatum", "name": "Hypericum Perforatum", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/hypericum-perforatum/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "iberogast", "name": "Iberogast", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/iberogast/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "inositol", "name": "Inositol", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/inositol/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "iodine", "name": "Iodine", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/iodine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "ipamorelin", "name": "Ipamorelin", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/ipamorelin/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Growth hormone secretagogue (ghrelin receptor agonist) peptide", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "iron", "name": "Iron", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/iron/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "isatis", "name": "Isatis", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/isatis/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "japanese-knotweed", "name": "Japanese Knotweed", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/japanese-knotweed/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "jatamansi", "name": "Jatamansi", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/jatamansi/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "jujube", "name": "Jujube", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/jujube/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "juniper", "name": "Juniper", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/juniper/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "piper-methysticum", "name": "Kava", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/piper-methysticum/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "kudzu", "name": "Kudzu", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/kudzu/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "l-carnitine", "name": "L-Carnitine", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/l-carnitine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "l-theanine", "name": "L-theanine", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/l-theanine/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "l-tyrosine", "name": "L-Tyrosine", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/l-tyrosine/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "lavender", "name": "Lavender", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/lavender/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "lavandula-angustifolia", "name": "Lavender", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/lavandula-angustifolia/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "lavender-extract", "name": "Lavender Extract", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/lavender-extract/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "lawsonia-inermis", "name": "Lawsonia Inermis", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/lawsonia-inermis/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "lemon-balm", "name": "Lemon balm", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/lemon-balm/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "melissa-officinalis", "name": "Lemon Balm", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/melissa-officinalis/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "lemon-verbena", "name": "Lemon Verbena", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/lemon-verbena/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "licorice", "name": "Licorice", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/licorice/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "lithospermum-erythrorhizon", "name": "Lithospermum Erythrorhizon", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/lithospermum-erythrorhizon/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "longan", "name": "Longan", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/longan/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "luo-han-guo", "name": "Luo Han Guo", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/luo-han-guo/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "lutein", "name": "Lutein", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/lutein/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "maca", "name": "Maca Lepidium meyenii", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/maca/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "magnesium-glycinate", "name": "Magnesium glycinate", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/magnesium-glycinate/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "magnolia-officinalis", "name": "Magnolia", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/magnolia-officinalis/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "maitake-d-fraction", "name": "Maitake D-fraction", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/maitake-d-fraction/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "mangifera-indica", "name": "Mangifera Indica", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/mangifera-indica/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "mangosteen", "name": "Mangosteen", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/mangosteen/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "maral-root", "name": "Maral Root", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/maral-root/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "mct-oil", "name": "MCT Oil", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/mct-oil/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "silybum-marianum", "name": "Milk Thistle", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/silybum-marianum/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "milk-thistle", "name": "Milk Thistle Silybum marianum", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/milk-thistle/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "moringa", "name": "Moringa", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/moringa/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "morus-alba", "name": "Morus Alba", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/morus-alba/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "msm", "name": "MSM", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/msm/", "evidenceGrade": "Avoid/Insufficient", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "mucuna", "name": "Mucuna", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/mucuna/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "mugwort", "name": "Mugwort", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/mugwort/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "mulberry-leaf", "name": "Mulberry Leaf", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/mulberry-leaf/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "myristica-fragrans", "name": "Myristica Fragrans", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/myristica-fragrans/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "myrtle", "name": "Myrtle", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/myrtle/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "n-acetylcysteine", "name": "NAC", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/n-acetylcysteine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "neem", "name": "Neem", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/neem/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "nelumbo-nucifera", "name": "Nelumbo Nucifera", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/nelumbo-nucifera/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "noni", "name": "Noni", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/noni/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "notoginseng", "name": "Notoginseng", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/notoginseng/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "ocimum-basilicum", "name": "Ocimum Basilicum", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/ocimum-basilicum/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "ocotea-odorifera", "name": "Ocotea Odorifera", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/ocotea-odorifera/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "olea-europaea", "name": "Olive Leaf", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/olea-europaea/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "ophiopogon", "name": "Ophiopogon", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/ophiopogon/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "orange-peel", "name": "Orange Peel", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/orange-peel/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "oregano", "name": "Oregano", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/oregano/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "paeonia-suffruticosa", "name": "Paeonia Suffruticosa", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/paeonia-suffruticosa/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "papaya-leaf", "name": "Papaya Leaf", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/papaya-leaf/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "parsley", "name": "Parsley", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/parsley/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "passionflower", "name": "Passionflower", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/passionflower/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "passiflora-incarnata", "name": "Passionflower", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/passiflora-incarnata/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "pastinaca-sativa", "name": "Pastinaca Sativa", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/pastinaca-sativa/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "pau-d-arco", "name": "Pau D'arco", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/pau-d-arco/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "peppermint", "name": "Peppermint Mentha × piperita", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/peppermint/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "peppermint-oil", "name": "Peppermint Oil", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/peppermint-oil/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "perilla", "name": "Perilla", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/perilla/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "phellodendron", "name": "Phellodendron", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/phellodendron/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "phellodendron-amurense", "name": "Phellodendron Amurense", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/phellodendron-amurense/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "piper-longum", "name": "Piper Longum", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/piper-longum/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "plantago-lanceolata", "name": "Plantago Lanceolata", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/plantago-lanceolata/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "plantago-major", "name": "Plantago Major", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/plantago-major/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "plumbago-zeylanica", "name": "Plumbago Zeylanica", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/plumbago-zeylanica/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "polygala", "name": "Polygala", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/polygala/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "pomegranate", "name": "Pomegranate", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/pomegranate/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "pomegranate-extract", "name": "Pomegranate Extract", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/pomegranate-extract/", "evidenceGrade": "Avoid/Insufficient", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "poria", "name": "Poria", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/poria/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "psoralea-corylifolia", "name": "Psoralea Corylifolia", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/psoralea-corylifolia/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "psyllium", "name": "Psyllium", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/psyllium/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "psyllium-husk", "name": "Psyllium husk", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/psyllium-husk/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "pt-141", "name": "PT-141 (Bremelanotide)", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/pt-141/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Melanocortin receptor agonist peptide", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "pueraria-lobata", "name": "Pueraria Lobata", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/pueraria-lobata/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "pueraria-mirifica", "name": "Pueraria Mirifica", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/pueraria-mirifica/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "punarnava", "name": "Punarnava", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/punarnava/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "pycnogenol", "name": "Pycnogenol", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/pycnogenol/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "pygeum", "name": "Pygeum", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/pygeum/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "raspberry-leaf", "name": "Raspberry Leaf", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/raspberry-leaf/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "red-clover", "name": "Red Clover", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/red-clover/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "rehmannia-glutinosa", "name": "Rehmannia Glutinosa", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/rehmannia-glutinosa/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "reishi", "name": "Reishi Ganoderma lucidum", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/reishi/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "rheum-palmatum", "name": "Rheum Palmatum", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/rheum-palmatum/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "rice-bran", "name": "Rice Bran", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/rice-bran/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "rooibos", "name": "Rooibos", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/rooibos/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "rose-hips", "name": "Rose Hips", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/rose-hips/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "roselle-seed", "name": "Roselle Seed", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/roselle-seed/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "rosemary", "name": "Rosemary", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/rosemary/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "saffron", "name": "Saffron", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/saffron/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "saffron-extract", "name": "Saffron Extract", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/saffron-extract/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "sage", "name": "Sage", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/sage/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "salacia-reticulata", "name": "Salacia", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/salacia-reticulata/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "saw-palmetto-extract", "name": "Saw Palmetto Extract", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/saw-palmetto-extract/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "saw-palmetto", "name": "Saw Palmetto Serenoa repens", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/saw-palmetto/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "schisandra-berry", "name": "Schisandra Berry", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/schisandra-berry/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "schisandra-chinensis", "name": "Schisandra Chinensis", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/schisandra-chinensis/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "schisandra", "name": "Schisandra Schisandra chinensis", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/schisandra/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "selaginella-tamariscina", "name": "Selaginella Tamariscina", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/selaginella-tamariscina/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "semaglutide", "name": "Semaglutide", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/semaglutide/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "GLP-1 receptor agonist (prescription drug)", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "serenoa-repens", "name": "Serenoa Repens", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/serenoa-repens/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "shankhpushpi", "name": "Shankhpushpi", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/shankhpushpi/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "sophora-alopecuroides", "name": "Sophora Alopecuroides", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/sophora-alopecuroides/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "sophora-flavescens", "name": "Sophora Flavescens", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/sophora-flavescens/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "soursop", "name": "Soursop", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/soursop/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "soybean", "name": "Soybean", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/soybean/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "spirulina", "name": "Spirulina", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/spirulina/", "evidenceGrade": "Avoid/Insufficient", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "stellera-chamaejasme", "name": "Stellera Chamaejasme", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/stellera-chamaejasme/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "stephania-cepharantha", "name": "Stephania Cepharantha", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/stephania-cepharantha/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "stephania-japonica", "name": "Stephania Japonica", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/stephania-japonica/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "stephania-tetrandra", "name": "Stephania Tetrandra", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/stephania-tetrandra/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "suma", "name": "Suma", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/suma/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "tamarind", "name": "Tamarind", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/tamarind/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "taurine", "name": "Taurine", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/taurine/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "tb-500", "name": "TB-500", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/tb-500/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Synthetic thymosin beta-4 fragment", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "thunder-god-vine", "name": "Thunder God Vine", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/thunder-god-vine/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "thyme", "name": "Thyme", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/thyme/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "tirzepatide", "name": "Tirzepatide", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/tirzepatide/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "category": "Dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist (prescription drug)", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "tongkat-ali", "name": "Tongkat Ali", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/tongkat-ali/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "tribulus-terrestris", "name": "Tribulus Tribulus terrestris", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/tribulus-terrestris/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "turmeric", "name": "Turmeric Curcuma longa", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/turmeric/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "uc-ii-collagen", "name": "Uc Ii Collagen", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/uc-ii-collagen/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": false }, { "slug": "valeriana-officinalis", "name": "Valerian", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/valeriana-officinalis/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "valerian-root-extract", "name": "Valerian Root Extract", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/valerian-root-extract/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "valerian", "name": "Valeriana officinalis", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/valerian/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "verbena-officinalis", "name": "Verbena Officinalis", "type": "herb", "path": "/herbs/verbena-officinalis/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "vitamin-a", "name": "Vitamin A", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/vitamin-a/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "vitamin-c", "name": "Vitamin C", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/vitamin-c/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "vitamin-d", "name": "Vitamin D", "type": "compound", "path": "/compounds/vitamin-d/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "category": "Uncategorized", "safetyCaution": true }, { "slug": "vitamin-d3", "name": 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"studyType": "Randomized controlled trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "A 12-week randomized study of a DNJ-standardized mulberry-leaf product reported dose-related glycemic effects and gastrointestinal adverse events, supporting both constituent-standardization and GI-tolerability tagging.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "mulberry-leaf", "ingredientName": "Mulberry Leaf", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/mulberry-leaf/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 12-week randomized study of a DNJ-standardized mulberry-leaf product reported dose-related glycemic effects and gastrointestinal adverse events, supporting both constituent-standardization and GI-tolerability tagging.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:29352722", "title": "A 16-week crossover pilot in Parkinson disease had substantial discontinuation with Mucuna because of gastrointestinal and motor adverse effects, highlighting tolerability variability.", "pmid": "29352722", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29352722/", "studyType": "Crossover pilot trial", "evidenceClass": "other", "result": "A 16-week crossover pilot in Parkinson disease had substantial discontinuation with Mucuna because of gastrointestinal and motor adverse effects, highlighting tolerability variability.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "mucuna", "ingredientName": "Mucuna", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/mucuna/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 16-week crossover pilot in Parkinson disease had substantial discontinuation with Mucuna because of gastrointestinal and motor adverse effects, highlighting tolerability variability.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.116279", "title": "A 2023 review uses Paeonia × suffruticosa and defines Moutan Cortex as the dried root bark, cataloguing extensive chemistry while showing that much of the pharmacology remains preclinical.", "pmid": "36822345", "doi": "10.1016/j.jep.2023.116279", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36822345/", "studyType": "Comprehensive review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "A 2023 review uses Paeonia × suffruticosa and defines Moutan Cortex as the dried root bark, cataloguing extensive chemistry while showing that much of the pharmacology remains preclinical.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "paeonia-suffruticosa", "ingredientName": "Paeonia Suffruticosa", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/paeonia-suffruticosa/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2023 review uses Paeonia × suffruticosa and defines Moutan Cortex as the dried root bark, cataloguing extensive chemistry while showing that much of the pharmacology remains preclinical.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3390/life13122270", "title": "A 2023 systematic review found that human studies use very different mango matrices (fruit, leaf, isolated/standardized extracts), making 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"publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:36644880", "title": "A 2023 systematic review/meta-analysis of 12 trials (615 participants) reported reductions in fasting glucose, HbA1c, and fasting insulin. Heterogeneity and preparation differences still matter, so this supports a metabolic signal rather than a treatment claim.", "pmid": "36644880", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36644880/", "studyType": "Systematic review/meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "A 2023 systematic review/meta-analysis of 12 trials (615 participants) reported reductions in fasting glucose, HbA1c, and fasting insulin. Heterogeneity and preparation differences still matter, so this supports a metabolic signal rather than a treatment claim.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "mulberry-leaf", "ingredientName": "Mulberry Leaf", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/mulberry-leaf/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2023 systematic review/meta-analysis of 12 trials (615 participants) reported reductions in fasting glucose, HbA1c, and fasting insulin. Heterogeneity and preparation differences still matter, so this supports a metabolic signal rather than a treatment claim.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.16", "title": "A 2024 patient-level pooled analysis of randomized trials supports an anxiolytic signal for the standardized oral preparation Silexan. Evidence is preparation-specific and should not be transferred wholesale to aromatherapy or generic lavender products.", "pmid": "38425206", "doi": "10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.16", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38425206/", "studyType": "Patient-level pooled analysis", "evidenceClass": "other", "result": "A 2024 patient-level pooled analysis of randomized trials supports an anxiolytic signal for the standardized oral preparation Silexan. Evidence is preparation-specific and should not be transferred wholesale to aromatherapy or generic lavender products.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "lavender", "ingredientName": "Lavender", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/lavender/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2024 patient-level pooled analysis of randomized trials supports an anxiolytic signal for the standardized oral preparation Silexan. 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The study had industry-linked authorship/employment, so conflict-of-interest and replication flags are important.", "pmid": "38794761", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38794761/", "studyType": "Randomized controlled trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "A 2024 randomized trial in adults with sleep disturbances reported improved sleep-related outcomes after 90 days of lemon verbena extract. The study had industry-linked authorship/employment, so conflict-of-interest and replication flags are important.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "lemon-verbena", "ingredientName": "Lemon Verbena", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/lemon-verbena/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2024 randomized trial in adults with sleep disturbances reported improved sleep-related outcomes after 90 days of lemon verbena extract. The study had industry-linked authorship/employment, so conflict-of-interest and replication flags are important.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06429", "title": "A 2024 review documents extensive phytochemistry and preclinical pharmacology but a large lack of robust clinical evidence. This supports a low clinical-evidence grade despite broad traditional-use claims.", "pmid": "38189231", "doi": "10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06429", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38189231/", "studyType": "Comprehensive review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "A 2024 review documents extensive phytochemistry and preclinical pharmacology but a large lack of robust clinical evidence. This supports a low clinical-evidence grade despite broad traditional-use claims.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "parsley", "ingredientName": "Parsley", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/parsley/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2024 review documents extensive phytochemistry and preclinical pharmacology but a large lack of robust clinical evidence. This supports a low clinical-evidence grade despite broad traditional-use claims.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102398", "title": "A 2024 systematic review of magnolia neolignans for Alzheimer-related outcomes found the evidence base to be predominantly preclinical. It does not establish clinical benefit of magnolia bark in people.", "pmid": "38955265", "doi": "10.1016/j.arr.2024.102398", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38955265/", "studyType": "Systematic review", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "A 2024 systematic review of magnolia neolignans for Alzheimer-related outcomes found the evidence base to be predominantly preclinical. It does not establish clinical benefit of magnolia bark in people.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "magnolia-officinalis", "ingredientName": "Magnolia", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/magnolia-officinalis/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2024 systematic review of magnolia neolignans for Alzheimer-related outcomes found the evidence base to be predominantly preclinical. It does not establish clinical benefit of magnolia bark in people.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1002/ptr.8509", "title": "A 2025 meta-analysis of 3 studies (248 participants with prehypertension/hypertension) reported a systolic blood-pressure reduction, but the small study count and high heterogeneity limit certainty.", "pmid": "40325976", "doi": "10.1002/ptr.8509", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40325976/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "A 2025 meta-analysis of 3 studies (248 participants with prehypertension/hypertension) reported a systolic blood-pressure reduction, but the small study count and high heterogeneity limit certainty.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "olea-europaea", "ingredientName": "Olive Leaf", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/olea-europaea/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2025 meta-analysis of 3 studies (248 participants with prehypertension/hypertension) reported a systolic blood-pressure reduction, but the small study count and high heterogeneity limit certainty.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.jep.2025.120364", "title": "A 2025 network meta-analysis of Panax notoginseng saponin interventions for ischemic stroke reported favorable signals across several outcomes, but much of the evidence comes from Chinese trials with variable quality and adjunctive regimens.", "pmid": "40769440", "doi": "10.1016/j.jep.2025.120364", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40769440/", "studyType": "Network meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "A 2025 network meta-analysis of Panax notoginseng saponin interventions for ischemic stroke reported favorable signals across several outcomes, but much of the evidence comes from Chinese trials with variable quality and adjunctive regimens.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "notoginseng", "ingredientName": "Notoginseng", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/notoginseng/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2025 network meta-analysis of Panax notoginseng saponin interventions for ischemic stroke reported favorable signals across several outcomes, but much of the evidence comes from Chinese trials with variable quality and adjunctive regimens.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3390/nu17091433", "title": "A 2025 PRISMA-guided systematic review identified only five randomized trials, with heterogeneous products and populations. Some postprandial glucose/insulin and throat-related signals were reported, but the review calls for better long-term trials.", "pmid": "40362742", "doi": "10.3390/nu17091433", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40362742/", "studyType": "Systematic review of RCTs", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "A 2025 PRISMA-guided systematic review identified only five randomized trials, with heterogeneous products and populations. Some postprandial glucose/insulin and throat-related signals were reported, but the review calls for better long-term trials.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "luo-han-guo", "ingredientName": "Luo Han Guo", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/luo-han-guo/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2025 PRISMA-guided systematic review identified only five randomized trials, with heterogeneous products and populations. Some postprandial glucose/insulin and throat-related signals were reported, but the review calls for better long-term trials.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1038/s41598-025-30134-x", "title": "A 2025 propagation study treats Ocotea odorifera as a threatened Atlantic Forest tree. This is not efficacy evidence, but it is important sourcing/conservation context for a commercial botanical profile.", "pmid": "41326560", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-30134-x", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41326560/", "studyType": "Plant conservation/propagation study", "evidenceClass": "other", "result": "A 2025 propagation study treats Ocotea odorifera as a threatened Atlantic Forest tree. This is not efficacy evidence, but it is important sourcing/conservation context for a commercial botanical profile.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "ocotea-odorifera", "ingredientName": "Ocotea Odorifera", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/ocotea-odorifera/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2025 propagation study treats Ocotea odorifera as a threatened Atlantic Forest tree. This is not efficacy evidence, but it is important sourcing/conservation context for a commercial botanical profile.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42096", "title": "A 2025 randomized postpartum study found no clear prevention benefit for depressive symptoms or sleep outcomes with basil leaf. This is useful null evidence beside the positive MDD/anxiety trial.", "pmid": "39911421", "doi": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42096", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39911421/", "studyType": "Randomized controlled trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "A 2025 randomized postpartum study found no clear prevention benefit for depressive symptoms or sleep outcomes with basil leaf. This is useful null evidence beside the positive MDD/anxiety trial.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "ocimum-basilicum", "ingredientName": "Ocimum Basilicum", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/ocimum-basilicum/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2025 randomized postpartum study found no clear prevention benefit for depressive symptoms or sleep outcomes with basil leaf. This is useful null evidence beside the positive MDD/anxiety trial.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1002/brb3.70994", "title": "A 2025 randomized trial in 60 people with major depressive disorder and anxiety reported reductions in anxiety/depression scale scores over 4 weeks with a basil preparation. The study is small and short.", "pmid": "41236933", "doi": "10.1002/brb3.70994", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41236933/", "studyType": "Randomized controlled trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "A 2025 randomized trial in 60 people with major depressive disorder and anxiety reported reductions in anxiety/depression scale scores over 4 weeks with a basil preparation. The study is small and short.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "ocimum-basilicum", "ingredientName": "Ocimum Basilicum", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/ocimum-basilicum/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2025 randomized trial in 60 people with major depressive disorder and anxiety reported reductions in anxiety/depression scale scores over 4 weeks with a basil preparation. The study is small and short.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3390/biomedicines13071588", "title": "A 2025 study reported sleep-related enzyme/pathway effects in cell models using longan flower ethanol extract. It is not human sleep evidence and is plant-part specific, so it should be labeled mechanistic/preclinical rather than a clinical benefit.", "pmid": "40722663", "doi": "10.3390/biomedicines13071588", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40722663/", "studyType": "Cell-model study", "evidenceClass": "in_vitro", "result": "A 2025 study reported sleep-related enzyme/pathway effects in cell models using longan flower ethanol extract. It is not human sleep evidence and is plant-part specific, so it should be labeled mechanistic/preclinical rather than a clinical benefit.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "longan", "ingredientName": "Longan", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/longan/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2025 study reported sleep-related enzyme/pathway effects in cell models using longan flower ethanol extract. It is not human sleep evidence and is plant-part specific, so it should be labeled mechanistic/preclinical rather than a clinical benefit.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "in_vitro" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1055/a-2665-2226", "title": "A 2025 systematic review concluded that the evidence base remains dominated by preclinical work and that clinical translation is limited. Xanthone/mechanistic findings should not be presented as established human therapeutic effects.", "pmid": "40845897", "doi": "10.1055/a-2665-2226", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40845897/", "studyType": "Systematic review", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "A 2025 systematic review concluded that the evidence base remains dominated by preclinical work and that clinical translation is limited. Xanthone/mechanistic findings should not be presented as established human therapeutic effects.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "mangosteen", "ingredientName": "Mangosteen", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/mangosteen/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2025 systematic review concluded that the evidence base remains dominated by preclinical work and that clinical translation is limited. Xanthone/mechanistic findings should not be presented as established human therapeutic effects.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3390/plants15040650", "title": "A 2026 integrative review reports that human signals are most consistent for anxiety/stress and sleep-related outcomes, but effects are preparation-dependent and studies remain heterogeneous. Claims should stay formulation-specific and avoid implying established treatment efficacy.", "pmid": "41754356", "doi": "10.3390/plants15040650", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41754356/", "studyType": "Integrative review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "A 2026 integrative review reports that human signals are most consistent for anxiety/stress and sleep-related outcomes, but effects are preparation-dependent and studies remain heterogeneous. Claims should stay formulation-specific and avoid implying established treatment efficacy.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "lemon-balm", "ingredientName": "Lemon balm", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/lemon-balm/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2026 integrative review reports that human signals are most consistent for anxiety/stress and sleep-related outcomes, but effects are preparation-dependent and studies remain heterogeneous. Claims should stay formulation-specific and avoid implying established treatment efficacy.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1002/fsn3.71899", "title": "A 2026 meta-analysis of randomized trials reported reductions in blood-pressure outcomes but no clear benefit for body weight/BMI. The result is outcome-specific rather than broad metabolic proof.", "pmid": "42254443", "doi": "10.1002/fsn3.71899", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42254443/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis of RCTs", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "A 2026 meta-analysis of randomized trials reported reductions in blood-pressure outcomes but no clear benefit for body weight/BMI. The result is outcome-specific rather than broad metabolic proof.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "moringa", "ingredientName": "Moringa", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/moringa/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2026 meta-analysis of randomized trials reported reductions in blood-pressure outcomes but no clear benefit for body weight/BMI. 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Evidence remains small and specialist-context only.", "pmid": "41269916", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41269916/", "studyType": "Phase 2 clinical study", "evidenceClass": "other", "result": "A 2026 phase-2 study (32 participants) found similar clinical outcomes to levodopa plus a decarboxylase inhibitor over 12 months, but adverse events were more frequent with Mucuna and some participants discontinued. Evidence remains small and specialist-context only.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "mucuna", "ingredientName": "Mucuna", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/mucuna/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2026 phase-2 study (32 participants) found similar clinical outcomes to levodopa plus a decarboxylase inhibitor over 12 months, but adverse events were more frequent with Mucuna and some participants discontinued. 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The result is preliminary, small, and too short to establish disease-modifying efficacy.", "pmid": "41491579", "doi": "10.1186/s12906-025-04994-9", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41491579/", "studyType": "Randomized controlled trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "A 2026 single-center randomized study (50 participants) in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease reported short-term improvement signals over 4 weeks. The result is preliminary, small, and too short to establish disease-modifying efficacy.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "myrtle", "ingredientName": "Myrtle", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/myrtle/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2026 single-center randomized study (50 participants) in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease reported short-term improvement signals over 4 weeks. The result is preliminary, small, and too short to establish disease-modifying efficacy.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.037", "title": "A comprehensive review defines Ophiopogonis Radix as the medicinal root of Ophiopogon japonicus and summarizes saponins, homoisoflavonoids, and polysaccharides; clinical evidence remains much thinner than the pharmacology literature.", "pmid": "26826325", "doi": "10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.037", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26826325/", "studyType": "Comprehensive review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "A comprehensive review defines Ophiopogonis Radix as the medicinal root of Ophiopogon japonicus and summarizes saponins, homoisoflavonoids, and polysaccharides; clinical evidence remains much thinner than the pharmacology literature.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "ophiopogon", "ingredientName": "Ophiopogon", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/ophiopogon/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A comprehensive review defines Ophiopogonis Radix as the medicinal root of Ophiopogon japonicus and summarizes saponins, homoisoflavonoids, and polysaccharides; clinical evidence remains much thinner than the pharmacology literature.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1664319", "title": "A critical review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of curcumin for knee osteoarthritis", "pmid": "41560742", "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2025.1664319", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41560742/", "studyType": "Systematic review", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "Potential efficacy and safety signals were found, but methodological/reporting quality of the review literature was extremely low.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "curcumin", "ingredientName": "Curcumin", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/curcumin/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Potential efficacy and safety signals were found, but methodological/reporting quality of the review literature was extremely low.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:16279916", "title": "A meta-analysis of 13 randomized trials (915 participants) found no convincing high-quality evidence for clinically important liver-disease outcomes. Study quality and heterogeneity were major limitations.", "pmid": "16279916", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16279916/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis of RCTs", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "A meta-analysis of 13 randomized trials (915 participants) found no convincing high-quality evidence for clinically important liver-disease outcomes. Study quality and heterogeneity were major limitations.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "milk-thistle", "ingredientName": "Milk Thistle Silybum marianum", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/milk-thistle/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "A meta-analysis of 13 randomized trials (915 participants) found no convincing high-quality evidence for clinically important liver-disease outcomes. Study quality and heterogeneity were major limitations.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2017.12.010", "title": "A meta-analysis of 26 clinical trials (985 participants) found small reductions in body weight/BMI but also an increase in diastolic blood pressure. This is a useful benefit-risk tradeoff and reinforces blood-pressure caution.", "pmid": "29433679", "doi": "10.1016/j.phymed.2017.12.010", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29433679/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis of clinical trials", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "A meta-analysis of 26 clinical trials (985 participants) found small reductions in body weight/BMI but also an increase in diastolic blood pressure. 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It does not establish broad efficacy for oregano alone.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "oregano", "ingredientName": "Oregano", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/oregano/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A network meta-analysis of herbal therapies for rhinosinusitis included Origanum-containing interventions, but evidence was intervention-specific and low-certainty. It does not establish broad efficacy for oregano alone.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1007/s12325-025-03327-z", "title": "A New Ashwagandha Formulation (Zenroot™) Alleviates Stress and Anxiety Symptoms While Improving Mood and Sleep Quality: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study", "pmid": "40875185", "doi": "10.1007/s12325-025-03327-z", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40875185/", "studyType": "randomized_controlled_trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Zenroot significantly improved PSS, BAI, and PSQI at days 28, 56, and 84; POMS improved at days 56 and 84, with several objective autonomic stress measures also improving.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "withania-somnifera", "ingredientName": "Ashwagandha", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/withania-somnifera/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Zenroot significantly improved PSS, BAI, and PSQI at days 28, 56, and 84; POMS improved at days 56 and 84, with several objective autonomic stress measures also improving.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.jep.2026.122198", "title": "A Passiflora incarnata extract exerts multi-target effects on selected sleep-related receptors", "pmid": "42462921", "doi": "10.1016/j.jep.2026.122198", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42462921/", "studyType": "Mechanistic", "evidenceClass": "mechanistic", "result": "The extract showed activity at adenosine A1/A2A and 5-HT2A-related targets and inhibited monoamine uptake in vitro.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "passiflora-incarnata", "ingredientName": "Passionflower", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/passiflora-incarnata/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "The extract showed activity at adenosine A1/A2A and 5-HT2A-related targets and inhibited monoamine uptake in vitro.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "mechanistic" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.04.008", "title": "A pharmacognosy review documents stimulant/adaptogenic traditional use in Siberia/Russia but emphasizes that much of the pharmacology is preclinical and further clinical research is needed.", "pmid": "19457517", "doi": "10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.04.008", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19457517/", "studyType": "Review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "A pharmacognosy review documents stimulant/adaptogenic traditional use in Siberia/Russia but emphasizes that much of the pharmacology is preclinical and further clinical research is needed.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "maral-root", "ingredientName": "Maral Root", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/maral-root/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A pharmacognosy review documents stimulant/adaptogenic traditional use in Siberia/Russia but emphasizes that much of the pharmacology is preclinical and further clinical research is needed.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:12472620", "title": "A placebo-controlled human trial reported increased self-rated sexual desire with maca while serum testosterone and estradiol did not explain the effect. This separates a possible subjective libido signal from hormone-elevation marketing claims.", "pmid": "12472620", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12472620/", "studyType": "Randomized placebo-controlled trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "A placebo-controlled human trial reported increased self-rated sexual desire with maca while serum testosterone and estradiol did not explain the effect. This separates a possible subjective libido signal from hormone-elevation marketing claims.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "maca", "ingredientName": "Maca Lepidium meyenii", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/maca/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "A placebo-controlled human trial reported increased self-rated sexual desire with maca while serum testosterone and estradiol did not explain the effect. 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This is a topical, setting-specific signal and should not be generalized to oral henna or broad wound-healing claims.", "pmid": "29756474", "doi": "10.1177/2515690x18772807", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29756474/", "studyType": "Randomized controlled trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "A randomized ICU study (80 participants) reported fewer pressure ulcers with topical henna applied to the sacral area. This is a topical, setting-specific signal and should not be generalized to oral henna or broad wound-healing claims.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "lawsonia-inermis", "ingredientName": "Lawsonia Inermis", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/lawsonia-inermis/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A randomized ICU study (80 participants) reported fewer pressure ulcers with topical henna applied to the sacral area. This is a topical, setting-specific signal and should not be generalized to oral henna or broad wound-healing claims.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1080/14786419.2021.2010196", "title": "A randomized trial in 60 overweight participants reported reductions in some body-fat/body-composition measures after 12 weeks of sun-dried lotus-leaf extract. The sample is small and evidence is extract-specific.", "pmid": "34852695", "doi": "10.1080/14786419.2021.2010196", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34852695/", "studyType": "Randomized controlled trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "A randomized trial in 60 overweight participants reported reductions in some body-fat/body-composition measures after 12 weeks of sun-dried lotus-leaf extract. The sample is small and evidence is extract-specific.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "nelumbo-nucifera", "ingredientName": "Nelumbo Nucifera", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/nelumbo-nucifera/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A randomized trial in 60 overweight participants reported reductions in some body-fat/body-composition measures after 12 weeks of sun-dried lotus-leaf extract. The sample is small and evidence is extract-specific.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.965130", "title": "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating the effects of an Ocimum tenuiflorum (Holy Basil) extract (HolixerTM) on stress, mood, and sleep in adults experiencing stress", "pmid": "36185698", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.965130", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36185698/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Perceived stress and insomnia scores improved, with lower hair cortisol and stress-test responses reported versus placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "holy-basil", "ingredientName": "Holy Basil / Tulsi Ocimum tenuiflorum", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/holy-basil/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Perceived stress and insomnia scores improved, with lower hair cortisol and stress-test responses reported versus placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.2009436", "title": "A review of lotus alkaloids notes low bioavailability and unresolved clinical efficacy/safety, limiting translation from extensive preclinical pharmacology.", "pmid": "34845950", "doi": "10.1080/10408398.2021.2009436", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34845950/", "studyType": "Review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "A review of lotus alkaloids notes low bioavailability and unresolved clinical efficacy/safety, limiting translation from extensive preclinical pharmacology.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "nelumbo-nucifera", "ingredientName": "Nelumbo Nucifera", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/nelumbo-nucifera/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A review of lotus alkaloids notes low bioavailability and unresolved clinical efficacy/safety, limiting translation from extensive preclinical pharmacology.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153805", "title": "A review of shikonin highlights extensive preclinical pharmacology but unfavorable oral bioavailability and unresolved toxicology/clinical translation. This supports a strong boundary against converting mechanistic shikonin findings into human oral-efficacy claims.", "pmid": "34749177", "doi": "10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153805", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34749177/", "studyType": "Pharmacology review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "A review of shikonin highlights extensive preclinical pharmacology but unfavorable oral bioavailability and unresolved toxicology/clinical translation. This supports a strong boundary against converting mechanistic shikonin findings into human oral-efficacy claims.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "lithospermum-erythrorhizon", "ingredientName": "Lithospermum Erythrorhizon", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/lithospermum-erythrorhizon/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A review of shikonin highlights extensive preclinical pharmacology but unfavorable oral bioavailability and unresolved toxicology/clinical translation. 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'Neem' should not be treated as one uniform exposure.", "pmid": "15261960", "doi": "10.1016/j.jep.2004.05.011", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15261960/", "studyType": "Safety review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "A safety review highlights that neem products differ substantially by plant part and preparation, with important toxicity and reproductive-safety concerns reported in experimental literature. 'Neem' should not be treated as one uniform exposure.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "neem", "ingredientName": "Neem", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/neem/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A safety review highlights that neem products differ substantially by plant part and preparation, with important toxicity and reproductive-safety concerns reported in experimental literature. 'Neem' should not be treated as one uniform exposure.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:41305552", "title": "A separate 2025 meta-analysis found most cardiometabolic outcomes nonsignificant and judged certainty very low; any diastolic-BP signal was not robust. This materially lowers confidence in strong cardiometabolic claims.", "pmid": "41305552", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41305552/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis of RCTs", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "A separate 2025 meta-analysis found most cardiometabolic outcomes nonsignificant and judged certainty very low; any diastolic-BP signal was not robust. This materially lowers confidence in strong cardiometabolic claims.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "moringa", "ingredientName": "Moringa", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/moringa/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A separate 2025 meta-analysis found most cardiometabolic outcomes nonsignificant and judged certainty very low; any diastolic-BP signal was not robust. This materially lowers confidence in strong cardiometabolic claims.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:12525260", "title": "A separate randomized study found no meaningful change in reproductive hormone levels in men taking maca. This is useful null biomarker evidence.", "pmid": "12525260", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12525260/", "studyType": "Randomized controlled trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "A separate randomized study found no meaningful change in reproductive hormone levels in men taking maca. This is useful null biomarker evidence.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "maca", "ingredientName": "Maca Lepidium meyenii", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/maca/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "A separate randomized study found no meaningful change in reproductive hormone levels in men taking maca. This is useful null biomarker evidence.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00367.x", "title": "A small randomized double-blind trial (36 participants) found Passiflora extract and oxazepam produced similar anxiety improvement, with slower onset but less job-performance impairment reported for Passiflora. The sample is too small for strong comparative claims.", "pmid": "11679026", "doi": "10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00367.x", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11679026/", "studyType": "Randomized controlled trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "A small randomized double-blind trial (36 participants) found Passiflora extract and oxazepam produced similar anxiety improvement, with slower onset but less job-performance impairment reported for Passiflora. The sample is too small for strong comparative claims.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "passionflower", "ingredientName": "Passionflower", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/passionflower/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "A small randomized double-blind trial (36 participants) found Passiflora extract and oxazepam produced similar anxiety improvement, with slower onset but less job-performance impairment reported for Passiflora. The sample is too small for strong comparative claims.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.115037", "title": "A small randomized trial in oral lichen planus found no significant advantage for Lawsonia inermis as an adjunct over the comparator regimen. This is useful null evidence that tempers generalized anti-inflammatory claims.", "pmid": "35134489", "doi": "10.1016/j.jep.2022.115037", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35134489/", "studyType": "Randomized controlled trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "A small randomized trial in oral lichen planus found no significant advantage for Lawsonia inermis as an adjunct over the comparator regimen. This is useful null evidence that tempers generalized anti-inflammatory claims.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "lawsonia-inermis", "ingredientName": "Lawsonia Inermis", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/lawsonia-inermis/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A small randomized trial in oral lichen planus found no significant advantage for Lawsonia inermis as an adjunct over the comparator regimen. This is useful null evidence that tempers generalized anti-inflammatory claims.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.03.008", "title": "A systematic review concluded that acute tyrosine may help preserve cognition when demands are high (for example, stress, sleep loss, or multitasking), but evidence for physical performance is largely negative and the literature is not strong enough to support broad nootropic claims.", "pmid": "25797188", "doi": "10.1016/j.pbb.2015.03.008", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25797188/", "studyType": "Systematic review", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "A systematic review concluded that acute tyrosine may help preserve cognition when demands are high (for example, stress, sleep loss, or multitasking), but evidence for physical performance is largely negative and the literature is not strong enough to support broad nootropic claims.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "l-tyrosine", "ingredientName": "L-Tyrosine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/l-tyrosine/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A systematic review concluded that acute tyrosine may help preserve cognition when demands are high (for example, stress, sleep loss, or multitasking), but evidence for physical performance is largely negative and the literature is not strong enough to support broad nootropic claims.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3109/19390211.2014.904123", "title": "A systematic review found the clinical evidence for kudzu/Pueraria preparations too heterogeneous and limited for confident therapeutic conclusions, despite promising signals in some alcohol-use and metabolic studies.", "pmid": "24848872", "doi": "10.3109/19390211.2014.904123", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24848872/", "studyType": "Systematic review", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "A systematic review found the clinical evidence for kudzu/Pueraria preparations too heterogeneous and limited for confident therapeutic conclusions, despite promising signals in some alcohol-use and metabolic studies.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "kudzu", "ingredientName": "Kudzu", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/kudzu/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A systematic review found the clinical evidence for kudzu/Pueraria preparations too heterogeneous and limited for confident therapeutic conclusions, despite promising signals in some alcohol-use and metabolic studies.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1186/s12906-019-2678-2", "title": "A systematic review/meta-analysis of 9 dengue studies found platelet-count/hospital-stay signals but judged the evidence low quality and the clinical significance uncertain. This is not proof that papaya leaf treats dengue.", "pmid": "31601215", "doi": "10.1186/s12906-019-2678-2", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31601215/", "studyType": "Systematic review/meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "A systematic review/meta-analysis of 9 dengue studies found platelet-count/hospital-stay signals but judged the evidence low quality and the clinical significance uncertain. This is not proof that papaya leaf treats dengue.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "papaya-leaf", "ingredientName": "Papaya Leaf", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/papaya-leaf/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A systematic review/meta-analysis of 9 dengue studies found platelet-count/hospital-stay signals but judged the evidence low quality and the clinical significance uncertain. This is not proof that papaya leaf treats dengue.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1002/nt.3", "title": "A toxicology review documents neuropsychiatric and autonomic intoxication after gram-level nutmeg ingestion. These reports are toxicity observations—not a safe-use threshold—and support explicit overdose/intoxication warnings.", "pmid": "9496377", "doi": "10.1002/nt.3", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9496377/", "studyType": "Toxicology review / case literature", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "A toxicology review documents neuropsychiatric and autonomic intoxication after gram-level nutmeg ingestion. These reports are toxicity observations—not a safe-use threshold—and support explicit overdose/intoxication warnings.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "myristica-fragrans", "ingredientName": "Myristica Fragrans", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/myristica-fragrans/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A toxicology review documents neuropsychiatric and autonomic intoxication after gram-level nutmeg ingestion. These reports are toxicity observations—not a safe-use threshold—and support explicit overdose/intoxication warnings.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1089/109662003772519949", "title": "A very small human study (10 cancer patients) evaluated Maitake D-fraction and natural-killer-cell activity. The nondefinitive design and tiny sample do not support cancer-treatment efficacy claims.", "pmid": "14977447", "doi": "10.1089/109662003772519949", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14977447/", "studyType": "Small uncontrolled/pilot clinical study", "evidenceClass": "other", "result": "A very small human study (10 cancer patients) evaluated Maitake D-fraction and natural-killer-cell activity. The nondefinitive design and tiny sample do not support cancer-treatment efficacy claims.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "maitake-d-fraction", "ingredientName": "Maitake D-fraction", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/maitake-d-fraction/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A very small human study (10 cancer patients) evaluated Maitake D-fraction and natural-killer-cell activity. The nondefinitive design and tiny sample do not support cancer-treatment efficacy claims.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0351725", "title": "Acute Cordyceps militaris supplementation and elevated resting oxygen uptake with faster reaction times: A randomized crossover trial", "pmid": "42455764", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0351725", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42455764/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Resting oxygen uptake increased and post-exercise reaction time was faster, but peak VO2 and several other physiological outcomes did not improve.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "cordyceps-sinensis", "ingredientName": "Cordyceps", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/cordyceps-sinensis/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Resting oxygen uptake increased and post-exercise reaction time was faster, but peak VO2 and several other physiological outcomes did not improve.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1846995", "title": "Adjunctive berberine for schizophrenia with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "pmid": "42433212", "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1846995", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42433212/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Weight, BMI, waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose improved; LDL, HDL, HbA1c, and BP did not clearly improve.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "berberine", "ingredientName": "Berberine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/berberine/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Weight, BMI, waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose improved; LDL, HDL, HbA1c, and BP did not clearly improve.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.024", "title": "An Examination into the Effects of a Saffron Extract (Affron) on Mood and General Wellbeing in Adults Experiencing Low Mood: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial", "pmid": "40414301", "doi": "10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.024", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40414301/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "saffron-extract", "ingredientName": "Saffron Extract", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/saffron-extract/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Saffron improved the primary DASS-21 depression outcome versus placebo (β -2.92 points, 95% CI -5.13 to -0.71; d=0.39); 72.3% met the prespecified clinically significant depression change versus 54.3% on placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] }, { "ingredientSlug": "saffron", "ingredientName": "Saffron", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/saffron/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "The primary depression outcome improved, but many broader secondary wellbeing outcomes did not clearly differ from placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:40044446", "title": "An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials Investigating the Effect of Curcumin Supplementation on Lipid Profiles", "pmid": "40044446", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40044446/", "studyType": "Umbrella review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "Higher-level evidence supports favorable changes in selected lipid measures.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "curcumin", "ingredientName": "Curcumin", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/curcumin/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Higher-level evidence supports favorable changes in selected lipid measures.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.016", "title": "Analytical research on Chenpi identifies dried Citrus reticulata peel as a distinct medicinal material rich in polymethoxylated flavones such as nobiletin. A generic 'Orange Peel' profile should specify whether it means Chenpi or another Citrus peel.", "pmid": "27719891", "doi": "10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.016", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27719891/", "studyType": "Phytochemical/identity study", "evidenceClass": "other", "result": "Analytical research on Chenpi identifies dried Citrus reticulata peel as a distinct medicinal material rich in polymethoxylated flavones such as nobiletin. A generic 'Orange Peel' profile should specify whether it means Chenpi or another Citrus peel.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "orange-peel", "ingredientName": "Orange Peel", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/orange-peel/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "Analytical research on Chenpi identifies dried Citrus reticulata peel as a distinct medicinal material rich in polymethoxylated flavones such as nobiletin. A generic 'Orange Peel' profile should specify whether it means Chenpi or another Citrus peel.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.4103/1735-5362.389947", "title": "Andrographis paniculata extract versus placebo in the treatment of COVID-19: a double-blinded randomized control trial", "pmid": "39005565", "doi": "10.4103/1735-5362.389947", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39005565/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "No meaningful difference in disease progression versus placebo; only limited symptom-specific differences were reported.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "andrographis-paniculata", "ingredientName": "Andrographis Paniculata", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/andrographis-paniculata/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "No meaningful difference in disease progression versus placebo; only limited symptom-specific differences were reported.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1080/13880209.2025.2530995", "title": "Anti-inflammatory effect of chamomile from randomized clinical trials: a systematic review and meta-analyses", "pmid": "40665590", "doi": "10.1080/13880209.2025.2530995", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40665590/", "studyType": "meta_analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Pain-severity sub-analysis favored chamomile (pooled MD -0.61, 95% CI -0.76 to -0.46; I²=0%); mucosal inflammation also improved (MD -0.70, 95% CI -1.25 to -0.15; I²=0%).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "chamomile", "ingredientName": "Chamomile", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/chamomile/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "Pain-severity sub-analysis favored chamomile (pooled MD -0.61, 95% CI -0.76 to -0.46; I²=0%); mucosal inflammation also improved (MD -0.70, 95% CI -1.25 to -0.15; I²=0%).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1007/s10787-025-01994-6", "title": "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger supplementation in adults: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials", "pmid": "41123858", "doi": "10.1007/s10787-025-01994-6", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41123858/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Pooled randomized evidence showed improvement in CRP, TNF-alpha, IL-6, total antioxidant capacity, MDA, and SOD.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "ginger", "ingredientName": "Ginger Zingiber officinale", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/ginger/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Pooled randomized evidence showed improvement in CRP, TNF-alpha, IL-6, total antioxidant capacity, MDA, and SOD.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3390/healthcare11222978", "title": "Anxiety-Reducing Effects of Lavender Essential Oil Inhalation: A Systematic Review", "pmid": "37998470", "doi": "10.3390/healthcare11222978", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37998470/", "studyType": "Systematic review", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "Ten of eleven included clinical trials reported reduced anxiety after lavender essential-oil inhalation.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "lavandula-angustifolia", "ingredientName": "Lavender", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/lavandula-angustifolia/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Ten of eleven included clinical trials reported reduced anxiety after lavender essential-oil inhalation.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1186/s12906-025-04886-y", "title": "Are alterations needed in Silybum marianum (Silymarin) administration practices? A novel outlook and meta-analysis on randomized trials targeting liver injury", "pmid": "40221681", "doi": "10.1186/s12906-025-04886-y", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40221681/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Silymarin significantly reduced AST and ALT in pooled randomized evidence, while ALP did not significantly improve.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "milk-thistle", "ingredientName": "Milk Thistle Silybum marianum", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/milk-thistle/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Silymarin significantly reduced AST and ALT in pooled randomized evidence, while ALP did not significantly improve.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2025.103328", "title": "Artichoke and cardiometabolic health: A systematic and meta-analytic synthesis of current evidence", "pmid": "41270328", "doi": "10.1016/j.dsx.2025.103328", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41270328/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Artichoke modestly reduced blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, insulin, HOMA-IR, ALT, and ALP; HDL, fasting glucose, HbA1c, and AST were not clearly improved.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "artichoke", "ingredientName": "Artichoke", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/artichoke/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "Artichoke modestly reduced blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, insulin, HOMA-IR, ALT, and ALP; HDL, fasting glucose, HbA1c, and AST were not clearly improved.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1177/02601060241265389", "title": "Beneficial effects of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) fruit extract on the urinary symptoms of healthy Japanese adults with possible lower urinary tract symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study", "pmid": "39042923", "doi": "10.1177/02601060241265389", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39042923/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "The trial reported improvement in selected urinary-symptom outcomes in Japanese adults with possible LUTS.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "serenoa-repens", "ingredientName": "Serenoa Repens", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/serenoa-repens/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "The trial reported improvement in selected urinary-symptom outcomes in Japanese adults with possible LUTS.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.54152", "title": "Berberine and Adiposity in Diabetes-Free Individuals With Obesity and MASLD: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "pmid": "41543854", "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.54152", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41543854/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Adds contemporary randomized evidence on adiposity/metabolic outcomes in obesity with MASLD; use full trial effect estimates before publication. | Exploratory secondary findings included reductions in LDL-C (~7.72 mg/dL), apoB (~3.42 mg/dL), and hs-CRP (~0.072 mg/dL) versus placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "berberine", "ingredientName": "Berberine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/berberine/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Adds contemporary randomized evidence on adiposity/metabolic outcomes in obesity with MASLD; use full trial effect estimates before publication. | Exploratory secondary findings included reductions in LDL-C (~7.72 mg/dL), apoB (~3.42 mg/dL), and hs-CRP (~0.072 mg/dL) versus placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1038/s44325-026-00113-w", "title": "Berberine signature and cardiometabolic diseases using randomized controlled trial, cohort study and Mendelian randomization", "pmid": "41882153", "doi": "10.1038/s44325-026-00113-w", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41882153/", "studyType": "multi_design_translational_study", "evidenceClass": "other", "result": "A berberine-response signature was associated with lower IHD and diabetes risk in Mendelian-randomization analyses (IHD OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.79-0.91; diabetes OR 0.88, 0.80-0.96).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "berberine", "ingredientName": "Berberine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/berberine/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "A berberine-response signature was associated with lower IHD and diabetes risk in Mendelian-randomization analyses (IHD OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.79-0.91; diabetes OR 0.88, 0.80-0.96).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1460643", "title": "Biochemical changes associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in response to berberine treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and preclinical research", "pmid": "40949129", "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2025.1460643", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40949129/", "studyType": "Systematic review", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "Clinical evidence suggested a fasting-glucose signal, while much broader biochemical evidence came from preclinical studies.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "berberine", "ingredientName": "Berberine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/berberine/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Clinical evidence suggested a fasting-glucose signal, while much broader biochemical evidence came from preclinical studies.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:16285482", "title": "Clinical allergy literature documents severe mugwort-associated cross-reactivity with celery, carrot, and spices, including serious reactions in sensitized individuals. This is a more specific safety signal than a generic 'allergy possible' warning.", "pmid": "16285482", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16285482/", "studyType": "Clinical allergy report/series", "evidenceClass": "other", "result": "Clinical allergy literature documents severe mugwort-associated cross-reactivity with celery, carrot, and spices, including serious reactions in sensitized individuals. This is a more specific safety signal than a generic 'allergy possible' warning.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "mugwort", "ingredientName": "Mugwort", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/mugwort/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "Clinical allergy literature documents severe mugwort-associated cross-reactivity with celery, carrot, and spices, including serious reactions in sensitized individuals. This is a more specific safety signal than a generic 'allergy possible' warning.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:41220252", "title": "Clinical Benefits of Boswellia Serrata (BOSMAX®) in Early Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study", "pmid": "41220252", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41220252/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "WOMAC, pain, Lequesne, TNF, and hsCRP outcomes improved; SF-36 did not clearly improve.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "boswellia", "ingredientName": "Boswellia", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/boswellia/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "WOMAC, pain, Lequesne, TNF, and hsCRP outcomes improved; SF-36 did not clearly improve.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1017/s0007114525106211", "title": "Coenzyme Q10 supplementation increases blood concentrations but shows limited and inconsistent effects on exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "pmid": "41457257", "doi": "10.1017/s0007114525106211", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41457257/", "studyType": "Systematic review", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "Supplementation consistently increased circulating CoQ10, but exercise-performance effects were small and inconsistent.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "coenzyme-q10", "ingredientName": "Coenzyme Q10", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/coenzyme-q10/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "Supplementation consistently increased circulating CoQ10, but exercise-performance effects were small and inconsistent.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1159/000547543", "title": "Cognitive Benefits of Ginseng: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Changes in Mini-Mental State Examination and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale Scores", "pmid": "40774237", "doi": "10.1159/000547543", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40774237/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Pooled data favored ginseng on MMSE and ADAS-Cog measures, with some dose-related subgroup findings.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "panax-ginseng", "ingredientName": "Asian Ginseng", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/panax-ginseng/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "Pooled data favored ginseng on MMSE and ADAS-Cog measures, with some dose-related subgroup findings.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2026.157915", "title": "Comparative effects of Bacopa monnieri and Ginkgo biloba on cognitive functions: A systematic review and network meta-analysis", "pmid": "41678913", "doi": "10.1016/j.phymed.2026.157915", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41678913/", "studyType": "Network meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Network estimates favored higher-dose Bacopa (≥600 mg/day) for working and short-term memory in selected comparisons. | High-dose Bacopa (≥600 mg/day) ranked highest for working memory and significantly outperformed lower-dose Bacopa, high/low-dose Ginkgo, and placebo; benefits were also reported for short-term memory.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "bacopa", "ingredientName": "Bacopa", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/bacopa/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Network estimates favored higher-dose Bacopa (≥600 mg/day) for working and short-term memory in selected comparisons. | High-dose Bacopa (≥600 mg/day) ranked highest for working memory and significantly outperformed lower-dose Bacopa, high/low-dose Ginkgo, and placebo; benefits were also reported for short-term memory.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101164", "title": "Comparative efficacy of Medhya Rasayana, Bacopa monnieri, and Centella asiatica in enhancing memory and IQ of 8-10 year-old healthy boys: A prakriti-based double-blind, randomized controlled trial", "pmid": "40609195", "doi": "10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101164", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40609195/", "studyType": "randomized_controlled_trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Within-group analyses showed significant memory/IQ improvements in both Bacopa and Centella groups; mean total memory score increased 9.28% with Bacopa and 13.45% with Centella.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "bacopa", "ingredientName": "Bacopa", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/bacopa/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Within-group analyses showed significant memory/IQ improvements in both Bacopa and Centella groups; mean total memory score increased 9.28% with Bacopa and 13.45% with Centella.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaf135", "title": "Creatine and Cognition in Aging: A Systematic Review of Evidence in Older Adults", "pmid": "40971619", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuaf135", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40971619/", "studyType": "Systematic review", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "Five of six studies reported a positive creatine-cognition relationship, especially for memory/attention, but study quality was often weak. | Five of six studies reported a positive association between creatine and cognition, particularly memory and attention.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "creatine", "ingredientName": "Creatine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/creatine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "Five of six studies reported a positive creatine-cognition relationship, especially for memory/attention, but study quality was often weak. | Five of six studies reported a positive association between creatine and cognition, particularly memory and attention.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:39564533", "title": "Creatine and improvement in cognitive function: Evaluation of a health claim pursuant to article 13(5) of regulation (EC) No 1924/2006", "pmid": "39564533", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39564533/", "studyType": "Regulatory evidence review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "Evidence did not support a general cognitive-function health claim; isolated acute working-memory findings at 20 g/day were not consistently reproduced at lower doses or longer use.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "creatine", "ingredientName": "Creatine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/creatine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "Evidence did not support a general cognitive-function health claim; isolated acute working-memory findings at 20 g/day were not consistently reproduced at lower doses or longer use.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1177/27683605261456529", "title": "Creatine Supplementation and Acute Sleep Deprivation: A Systematic Review of Cognitive, Psychomotor, and Mood Outcomes", "pmid": "42261581", "doi": "10.1177/27683605261456529", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42261581/", "studyType": "Systematic review", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "Early studies show a possible cognitive-performance benefit during acute sleep deprivation, but effects vary by cognitive domain.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "creatine", "ingredientName": "Creatine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/creatine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "Early studies show a possible cognitive-performance benefit during acute sleep deprivation, but effects vary by cognitive domain.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114982", "title": "Creatine supplementation research fails to support the theoretical basis for an effect on cognition: Evidence from a systematic review", "pmid": "38582412", "doi": "10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114982", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38582412/", "studyType": "Systematic review", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "Creatine can increase brain creatine content, but cognitive effects were equivocal rather than consistently beneficial.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "creatine", "ingredientName": "Creatine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/creatine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "Creatine can increase brain creatine content, but cognitive effects were equivocal rather than consistently beneficial.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:40538540", "title": "Curcumin and multiple health outcomes: critical umbrella review of intervention meta-analyses", "pmid": "40538540", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40538540/", "studyType": "Umbrella review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "Broad possible benefits were reported, but with substantial uncertainty and generally weak methodological quality.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "curcumin", "ingredientName": "Curcumin", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/curcumin/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Broad possible benefits were reported, but with substantial uncertainty and generally weak methodological quality.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1002/ptr.70238", "title": "Curcumin Supplementation in Critically Ill Patients: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial", "pmid": "41652864", "doi": "10.1002/ptr.70238", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41652864/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Adds a high-acuity clinical-population synthesis; apparent benefits should remain population-specific.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "curcumin", "ingredientName": "Curcumin", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/curcumin/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Adds a high-acuity clinical-population synthesis; apparent benefits should remain population-specific.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.01.008", "title": "Does valerian work for insomnia? An umbrella review of the evidence", "pmid": "38359657", "doi": "10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.01.008", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38359657/", "studyType": "Umbrella review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "The review concluded that valerian does not have robust empirical support for insomnia.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "valerian", "ingredientName": "Valeriana officinalis", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/valerian/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "The review concluded that valerian does not have robust empirical support for insomnia.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58661-z", "title": "Effect of a nutraceutical combination on sleep quality among people with impaired sleep: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial", "pmid": "38580720", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-58661-z", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38580720/", "studyType": "randomized_placebo_controlled_trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Effect of a nutraceutical combination on sleep quality among people with impaired sleep: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "l-theanine", "ingredientName": "L-theanine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/l-theanine/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Effect of a nutraceutical combination on sleep quality among people with impaired sleep: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.07.032", "title": "Effect of cinnamon as a Chinese herbal medicine on markers of cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "pmid": "39053085", "doi": "10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.07.032", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39053085/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Cinnamon modestly reduced weight and improved HOMA-IR, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL in women with PCOS.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "cinnamomum-verum", "ingredientName": "Cinnamon", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/cinnamomum-verum/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Cinnamon modestly reduced weight and improved HOMA-IR, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL in women with PCOS.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2024.08.009", "title": "Effect of cinnamon supplementation on blood pressure, oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarkers in adults: An umbrella review of the meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials", "pmid": "39299867", "doi": "10.1016/j.numecd.2024.08.009", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39299867/", "studyType": "Umbrella review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "Higher-level evidence suggests possible improvements in blood pressure, oxidative-stress markers, and some inflammatory markers.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "cinnamomum-verum", "ingredientName": "Cinnamon", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/cinnamomum-verum/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Higher-level evidence suggests possible improvements in blood pressure, oxidative-stress markers, and some inflammatory markers.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1007/s40292-024-00630-8", "title": "Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Vascular Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "pmid": "38630421", "doi": "10.1007/s40292-024-00630-8", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38630421/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Flow-mediated dilation improved, while VCAM and ICAM biomarkers did not clearly change.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "coenzyme-q10", "ingredientName": "Coenzyme Q10", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/coenzyme-q10/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "Flow-mediated dilation improved, while VCAM and ICAM biomarkers did not clearly change.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.18502/ijph.v53i3.15135", "title": "Effect of Lavender Aromatherapy on Anxiety 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"participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2023.07.016", "title": "Effect of Lavender Oil on Preoperative Anxiety: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", "pmid": "37966400", "doi": "10.1016/j.jopan.2023.07.016", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37966400/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Lavender oil significantly reduced preoperative anxiety versus control across the pooled literature.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "lavandula-angustifolia", "ingredientName": "Lavender", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/lavandula-angustifolia/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Lavender oil significantly reduced preoperative anxiety versus control across the pooled literature.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.14744/eej.2024.06641", "title": "Effect of Lavender Oral Drops in Reducing Dental Anxiety Among Patients Requiring Endodontic Treatment: A Randomised Clinical Trial", "pmid": "40145478", "doi": "10.14744/eej.2024.06641", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40145478/", "studyType": "randomized_controlled_trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Oral lavender produced a greater reduction in dental anxiety than control (p=0.001), with the difference persisting after adjustment for age, sex, and weight.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "lavender", "ingredientName": "Lavender", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/lavender/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Oral lavender produced a greater reduction in dental anxiety than control (p=0.001), with the difference persisting after adjustment for age, sex, and weight.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:39796489", "title": "Effect of Long-Term Taurine Supplementation on the Lipid and Glycaemic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "pmid": "39796489", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39796489/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Pooled data suggested improvements in triglycerides, total cholesterol, and fasting insulin, with some subgroup signals for BMI, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "taurine", "ingredientName": "Taurine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/taurine/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Pooled data suggested improvements in triglycerides, total cholesterol, and fasting insulin, with some subgroup signals for BMI, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1080/1028415x.2025.2602153", "title": "Effect of saffron on depression, anxiety and mood disorder: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of 34 randomized controlled trials", "pmid": "41693488", "doi": "10.1080/1028415x.2025.2602153", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41693488/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "BDI and BAI outcomes favored saffron, while HDRS, HARS, and POMS outcomes were not consistently significant. | Saffron reduced BDI scores (WMD -4.39, 95% CI -6.64 to -2.15) and BAI scores (WMD -5.06, 95% CI -8.44 to -1.68).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "saffron", "ingredientName": "Saffron", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/saffron/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "BDI and BAI outcomes favored saffron, while HDRS, HARS, and POMS outcomes were not consistently significant. | Saffron reduced BDI scores (WMD -4.39, 95% CI -6.64 to -2.15) and BAI scores (WMD -5.06, 95% CI -8.44 to -1.68).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, 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significantly from SSRIs on pooled efficacy outcomes, while adverse events favored saffron. | No significant difference between saffron and SSRIs for depression (SMD 0.10, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.29) or anxiety (SMD 0.04, 95% CI -0.22 to 0.29).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1002/brb3.70600", "title": "Effects of a Valerian-Hops Extract Combination (Ze 91019) on Sleep Duration and Daytime Cognitive and Psychological Parameters in Occasional Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial", "pmid": "40462685", "doi": "10.1002/brb3.70600", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40462685/", "studyType": "randomized_controlled_trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Valerian-hops increased mean sleep duration by 21.7 minutes/day versus placebo (p=0.019) and increased the shortest-night sleep duration by 48.7 minutes.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "valerian", "ingredientName": "Valeriana officinalis", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/valerian/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Valerian-hops increased mean sleep duration by 21.7 minutes/day versus placebo (p=0.019) and increased the shortest-night sleep duration by 48.7 minutes.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2026.103325", "title": "Effects of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on mental health in adults: A 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(SMD -5.68, 95% CI -8.43 to -2.94), and anxiety (SMD -6.87, 95% CI -8.77 to -4.97).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2024.103071", "title": "Effects of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) on sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials", "pmid": "39106912", "doi": "10.1016/j.ctim.2024.103071", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39106912/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Chamomile improved subjective sleep quality and some sleep-initiation/maintenance measures.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "matricaria-chamomilla", "ingredientName": "Chamomile", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/matricaria-chamomilla/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Chamomile improved subjective sleep quality and some sleep-initiation/maintenance measures.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.7762/cnr.2024.13.1.74", "title": "Effects of Cinnamon Supplementation on Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "pmid": "38362130", "doi": "10.7762/cnr.2024.13.1.74", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38362130/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Updated pooled evidence supports favorable changes in selected lipid-profile measures with cinnamon supplementation.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "cinnamomum-verum", "ingredientName": "Cinnamon", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/cinnamomum-verum/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Updated pooled evidence supports favorable changes in selected lipid-profile measures with cinnamon supplementation.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.ijcrp.2025.200424", "title": "Effects of coenzyme Q10 administration on blood pressure and heart rate in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "pmid": "40495903", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijcrp.2025.200424", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40495903/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "coenzyme-q10", "ingredientName": "Coenzyme Q10", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/coenzyme-q10/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "CoQ10 modestly reduced systolic blood pressure, while diastolic pressure and heart rate were not clearly changed.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] }, { "ingredientSlug": "coq10", "ingredientName": "Coenzyme Q10", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/coq10/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "CoQ10 reduced systolic blood pressure by about 3.44 mmHg (95% CI -5.13 to -1.55).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": 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"evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Creatine improved subjective sleep quality (d=0.81, p=0.009), digit-cancellation cognitive performance (d=0.77, p=0.013), high-intensity exercise output, and muscle soreness.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "creatine", "ingredientName": "Creatine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/creatine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "Creatine improved subjective sleep quality (d=0.81, p=0.009), digit-cancellation cognitive performance (d=0.77, p=0.013), high-intensity exercise output, and muscle soreness.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1186/s12906-025-04951-6", "title": "Effects of curcumin on serum inflammatory biomarkers in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "pmid": "40615851", "doi": "10.1186/s12906-025-04951-6", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40615851/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "CRP and TNF decreased; ESR, IL-1β, IL-6, and PGE2 did not clearly differ.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "curcumin", "ingredientName": "Curcumin", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/curcumin/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "CRP and TNF decreased; ESR, IL-1β, IL-6, and PGE2 did not clearly differ.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], 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showed subgroup signal.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1007/s10006-024-01259-6", "title": "Effects of Passiflora incarnata and Valeriana officinalis in the control of anxiety due to tooth extraction: a randomized controlled clinical trial", "pmid": "38743126", "doi": "10.1007/s10006-024-01259-6", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38743126/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Both Passiflora and valerian groups showed reduced state anxiety over the dental procedure compared with placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "passiflora-incarnata", "ingredientName": "Passionflower", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/passiflora-incarnata/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Both Passiflora and valerian groups showed reduced state anxiety over the dental procedure compared with placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:42199854", "title": "Effects of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha) on cognitive and physical function in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "pmid": "42199854", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42199854/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Pooled evidence reported improvements in memory, attention/processing, and executive-function measures.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "ashwagandha", "ingredientName": "Ashwagandha Withania somnifera", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/ashwagandha/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Pooled evidence reported improvements in memory, attention/processing, and executive-function measures.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1097/md.0000000000047990", "title": "Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha root extract sustained-release (AshwaSR) capsules in healthy adult, stressed subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 3-arm clinical trial", "pmid": "41824889", "doi": "10.1097/md.0000000000047990", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41824889/", "studyType": "randomized_controlled_trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "PSS decreased 38.6% in the 150 mg group and 41.6% in the 300 mg group; both active groups improved sleep quality, psychological well-being, and eating behavior versus placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "withania-somnifera", "ingredientName": "Ashwagandha", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/withania-somnifera/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "PSS decreased 38.6% in the 150 mg group and 41.6% in the 300 mg group; both active groups improved sleep quality, psychological well-being, and eating behavior versus placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1572197", "title": "Efficacy and safety of berberine on the components of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials", "pmid": "40740996", "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2025.1572197", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40740996/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Pooled evidence favored triglycerides, fasting glucose, waist circumference, LDL, total cholesterol, BMI, and 2-hour glucose; HDL and BP were not clearly improved.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "berberine", "ingredientName": "Berberine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/berberine/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Pooled evidence favored triglycerides, fasting glucose, waist circumference, LDL, total cholesterol, BMI, and 2-hour glucose; HDL and BP were not clearly improved.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.5534/wjmh.250159", "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Coenzyme Q10 in Idiopathic Male Infertility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials", "pmid": "40878114", "doi": "10.5534/wjmh.250159", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40878114/", "studyType": "meta_analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "CoQ10 improved sperm concentration, seminal volume, total motility, seminal CoQ10, and clinical pregnancy odds (OR 6.02, 95% CI 1.97-18.41); morphology appeared more favorable with >3 months of treatment.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "coq10", "ingredientName": "Coenzyme Q10", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/coq10/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "CoQ10 improved sperm concentration, seminal volume, total motility, seminal CoQ10, and clinical pregnancy odds (OR 6.02, 95% CI 1.97-18.41); morphology appeared more favorable with >3 months of treatment.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:42254374", "title": "Efficacy and safety of different curcumin formulations in osteoarthritis: an umbrella review of systematic reviews", "pmid": "42254374", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42254374/", "studyType": "Umbrella review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "Pain and function generally favored curcumin, but heterogeneity was substantial and only a subset of reviews were high quality.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "curcumin", "ingredientName": "Curcumin", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/curcumin/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Pain and function generally favored curcumin, but heterogeneity was substantial and only a subset of reviews were high quality.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000001355", "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Ginger on Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "pmid": "38625733", "doi": "10.1097/ncc.0000000000001355", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38625733/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Ginger capsules used with standard antiemetics reduced severe acute nausea and high-grade vomiting in pooled analyses.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "ginger", "ingredientName": "Ginger Zingiber officinale", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/ginger/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Ginger capsules used with standard antiemetics reduced severe acute nausea and high-grade vomiting in pooled analyses.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1644899", "title": "Efficacy and safety of low-molecular-weight collagen peptides in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "pmid": "40977985", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2025.1644899", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40977985/", "studyType": "randomized_controlled_trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "WOMAC pain improved versus placebo (-1.90 ± 4.14 vs 0.61 ± 3.97; p=0.006); WOMAC physical function and total scores also improved.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "collagen-peptides", "ingredientName": "Collagen Peptides", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/collagen-peptides/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "WOMAC pain improved versus placebo (-1.90 ± 4.14 vs 0.61 ± 3.97; p=0.006); WOMAC physical function and total scores also improved.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.7573/dic.2025-10-2", "title": "Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens in benign prostatic disorders: a systematic review of recent clinical evidence", "pmid": "42157952", "doi": "10.7573/dic.2025-10-2", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42157952/", "studyType": "Systematic review", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "Recent evidence was variable, with more consistent benefit for certain hexanic/enriched extracts than for the class as a whole.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "serenoa-repens", "ingredientName": "Serenoa Repens", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/serenoa-repens/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "Recent evidence was variable, with more consistent benefit for certain hexanic/enriched extracts than for the class as a whole.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.explore.2024.02.001", "title": "Efficacy evaluation of standardized Boswellia serrata extract (AflapinⓇ) in osteoarthritis: A systematic review and sub-group meta-analysis study", "pmid": "38365549", "doi": "10.1016/j.explore.2024.02.001", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38365549/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Pooled analyses showed improvements in pain and function; Aflapin subgroup showed larger effects in some analyses.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "boswellia", "ingredientName": "Boswellia", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/boswellia/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Pooled analyses showed improvements in pain and function; Aflapin subgroup showed larger effects in some analyses.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1186/s12991-026-00676-z", "title": "Efficacy of curcumin in depression: A grade-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "pmid": "42472817", "doi": "10.1186/s12991-026-00676-z", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42472817/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Pooled analyses favored curcumin for depressive symptoms, but heterogeneity was high and sensitivity analyses showed fragility. | Eight depression trials: SMD -0.76 (95% CI -1.22 to -0.30; p=0.001; I²=94.5%). Eleven depressive-symptom trials: SMD -0.53 (95% CI -0.97 to -0.09; p=0.019; I²=85.7%).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "curcumin", "ingredientName": "Curcumin", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/curcumin/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Pooled analyses favored curcumin for depressive symptoms, but heterogeneity was high and sensitivity analyses showed fragility. | Eight depression trials: SMD -0.76 (95% CI -1.22 to -0.30; p=0.001; I²=94.5%). Eleven depressive-symptom trials: SMD -0.53 (95% CI -0.97 to -0.09; p=0.019; I²=85.7%).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3390/healthcare12232456", "title": "Efficacy of Lavender Essential Oil in Reducing Stress, Insomnia, and Anxiety in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review", "pmid": "39685078", "doi": "10.3390/healthcare12232456", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39685078/", "studyType": "Systematic review", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "All included studies reported improvement in their measured stress, anxiety, and/or sleep outcomes.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "lavandula-angustifolia", "ingredientName": "Lavender", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/lavandula-angustifolia/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "All included studies reported improvement in their measured stress, anxiety, and/or sleep outcomes.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.10.018", "title": "Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine for patients with depression: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis", "pmid": "39504621", "doi": "10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.10.018", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39504621/", "studyType": "meta_analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Adjunctive NAC produced a small pooled improvement in depression versus placebo (SMD -0.24, 95% CI -0.44 to -0.05; p=0.02; I²=45%).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "n-acetylcysteine", "ingredientName": "NAC", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/n-acetylcysteine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "Adjunctive NAC produced a small pooled improvement in depression versus placebo (SMD -0.24, 95% CI -0.44 to -0.05; p=0.02; I²=45%).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1002/pros.70071", "title": "Efficacy of Serenoa repens Extract Combined With Alfuzosin Versus Alfuzosin Alone in Men With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Multicenter Randomized Study", "pmid": "41098072", "doi": "10.1002/pros.70071", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41098072/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Adds evidence for Serenoa as an adjunct to alfuzosin rather than as monotherapy.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "serenoa-repens", "ingredientName": "Serenoa Repens", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/serenoa-repens/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "Adds evidence for Serenoa as an adjunct to alfuzosin rather than as monotherapy.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000001750", "title": "Enhancing glycaemic control and promoting cardiovascular health: the therapeutic potential of Trigonella foenumgraecum in diabetic patients - a systematic review and meta-analysis", "pmid": "38846904", "doi": "10.1097/ms9.0000000000001750", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38846904/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Fenugreek significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and postprandial glucose versus control.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "trigonella-foenum-graecum", "ingredientName": "Fenugreek", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/trigonella-foenum-graecum/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Fenugreek significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and postprandial glucose versus control.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:38538390", "title": "Evaluating the effects of Bacopa monnieri on cognitive performance and sleep quality of patients with mild cognitive impairment: A triple-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial", "pmid": "38538390", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38538390/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Some attention/verbal-fluency or end-point cognitive signals were reported, but overall cognition was not consistently significant and sleep quality did not clearly improve.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "bacopa", "ingredientName": "Bacopa", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/bacopa/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Some attention/verbal-fluency or end-point cognitive signals were reported, but overall cognition was not consistently significant and sleep quality did not clearly improve.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103256", "title": "Evaluating the efficacy and safety of Curcuma longa, Boswellia serrata, and their mixed formulation in treating knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis", "pmid": "41082950", "doi": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103256", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41082950/", "studyType": "Network meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Adds comparative pooled evidence for Boswellia, Curcuma, and combination formulations in knee OA.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "boswellia", "ingredientName": "Boswellia", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/boswellia/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Adds comparative pooled evidence for Boswellia, Curcuma, and combination formulations in knee OA.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3390/jcm14113655", "title": "Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of CollaSel PRO® Type I and Type III Hydrolyzed Collagen Peptides in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial", "pmid": "40507417", "doi": "10.3390/jcm14113655", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40507417/", "studyType": "randomized_controlled_trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Compared with placebo, the collagen group had lower WOMAC scores and higher AOFAS-AHFS scores at weeks 4 and 8 (all reported p<0.001).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "collagen-peptides", "ingredientName": "Collagen Peptides", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/collagen-peptides/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "Compared with placebo, the collagen group had lower WOMAC scores and higher AOFAS-AHFS scores at weeks 4 and 8 (all reported p<0.001).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1080/1028415x.2025.2556925", "title": "Examining the effect of L-theanine on sleep: a systematic review of dietary supplementation trials", "pmid": "41176609", "doi": "10.1080/1028415x.2025.2556925", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41176609/", "studyType": "Systematic review", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "Possible sleep benefit, but the evidence base remains heterogeneous and not completely conclusive.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "l-theanine", "ingredientName": "L-theanine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/l-theanine/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Possible sleep benefit, but the evidence base remains heterogeneous and not completely conclusive.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:41908819", "title": "Exploratory pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic characterization and safety of standardized Andrographis paniculata aqueous extract capsules in patients with mild COVID-19", "pmid": "41908819", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41908819/", "studyType": "PK/PD clinical study", "evidenceClass": "other", "result": "Adds human pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and tolerability data for a standardized Andrographis preparation.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "andrographis-paniculata", "ingredientName": "Andrographis Paniculata", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/andrographis-paniculata/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "Adds human pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and tolerability data for a standardized Andrographis preparation.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1598255", "title": "Exploring the clinical effects of Andrographis paniculata-derived compounds, its extract, or derivatives for the treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "pmid": "40822451", "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2025.1598255", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40822451/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Pooled evidence did not show consistent clinically important improvement across fever, cough, CRP, or IL-6 outcomes.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "andrographis-paniculata", "ingredientName": "Andrographis Paniculata", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/andrographis-paniculata/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "Pooled evidence did not show consistent clinically important improvement across fever, cough, CRP, or IL-6 outcomes.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1080/19390211.2025.2583512", "title": "Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Supplementation and Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease - A Systematic Review", "pmid": "41195902", "doi": "10.1080/19390211.2025.2583512", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41195902/", "studyType": "Systematic review", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "The review synthesizes RCT evidence across cardiovascular risk biomarkers and supports endpoint-specific 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"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38072785/", "studyType": "Umbrella review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "Higher-level evidence supports ginger as useful in some nausea/vomiting settings, but results vary substantially by clinical indication.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "ginger", "ingredientName": "Ginger Zingiber officinale", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/ginger/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Higher-level evidence supports ginger as useful in some nausea/vomiting settings, but results vary substantially by clinical indication.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:42178586", "title": "Ginger supplementation and metabolic health: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized trials", "pmid": "42178586", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42178586/", "studyType": "Umbrella review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "Across a large umbrella evidence base, ginger was consistently associated with reductions in inflammatory markers such as CRP and IL-6 and favorable changes in selected metabolic outcomes.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "ginger", "ingredientName": "Ginger Zingiber officinale", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/ginger/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Across a large umbrella evidence base, ginger was consistently associated with reductions in inflammatory markers such as CRP and IL-6 and favorable changes in selected metabolic outcomes.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", 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"background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1619655", "title": "Pharmacological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale): what do meta-analyses say? a systematic review", "pmid": "40808693", "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2025.1619655", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40808693/", "studyType": "Umbrella review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "Synthesized meta-analytic evidence identifies recurring positive signals for inflammation, metabolic markers, oxidative stress, and pregnancy-associated nausea.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "ginger", "ingredientName": "Ginger Zingiber officinale", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/ginger/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Synthesized meta-analytic evidence identifies recurring positive signals for inflammation, metabolic markers, oxidative stress, and pregnancy-associated nausea.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1376025", "title": "PMID 38898926", "pmid": "38898926", "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2024.1376025", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38898926/", "studyType": "Systematic review/meta-analysis of RCTs", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "A 2024 systematic review/meta-analysis of 20 trials (1,856 participants) reported short-term NIHSS and activities-of-daily-living improvements when PNS injections were added after thrombolysis, with no clear adverse-event increase. Crucially, none of the trials reported mortality or disability and certainty ranged from moderate to very low.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "notoginseng", "ingredientName": "Notoginseng", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/notoginseng/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2024 systematic review/meta-analysis of 20 trials (1,856 participants) reported short-term NIHSS and activities-of-daily-living improvements when PNS injections were added after thrombolysis, with no clear adverse-event increase. Crucially, none of the trials reported mortality or disability and certainty ranged from moderate to very low.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.jep.2025.120131", "title": "PMID 40505758", "pmid": "40505758", "doi": "10.1016/j.jep.2025.120131", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40505758/", "studyType": "Comprehensive review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "A 2025 comprehensive review defines Longan Arillus as the fruit aril and catalogues 378 identified compounds, with polysaccharides and polyphenols emphasized. The review also concludes that in-vivo and clinical studies remain relatively limited, so broad pharmacologic activity should not be presented as established human benefit.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "longan", "ingredientName": "Longan", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/longan/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2025 comprehensive review defines Longan Arillus as the fruit aril and catalogues 378 identified compounds, with polysaccharides and polyphenols emphasized. The review also concludes that in-vivo and clinical studies remain relatively limited, so broad pharmacologic activity should not be presented as established human benefit.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1192/bjp.2025.108", "title": "PMID 40637133", "pmid": "40637133", "doi": "10.1192/bjp.2025.108", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40637133/", "studyType": "Randomized controlled trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "A 2025 multisite double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive mangosteen pericarp extract found limited support for the primary depression hypothesis. Some mood, clinician-rated severity and social-function measures improved at week 24, but differences attenuated after discontinuation; manic symptoms and quality of life did not clearly improve.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "mangosteen", "ingredientName": "Mangosteen", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/mangosteen/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2025 multisite double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive mangosteen pericarp extract found limited support for the primary depression hypothesis. Some mood, clinician-rated severity and social-function measures improved at week 24, but differences attenuated after discontinuation; manic symptoms and quality of life did not clearly improve.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17070880", "title": "PMID 40733088", "pmid": "40733088", "doi": "10.3390/pharmaceutics17070880", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40733088/", "studyType": "Randomized crossover pharmacokinetic trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "A 2025 randomized double-blind crossover PK trial in 16 healthy adults found a micellar 130-mg silymarin formulation produced about 18.9-fold higher Cmax and 11.4-fold higher 24-hour AUC than a standard product. No adverse events were observed in this small single-dose study. Higher exposure is not evidence of superior clinical efficacy.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "milk-thistle", "ingredientName": "Milk Thistle Silybum marianum", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/milk-thistle/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2025 randomized double-blind crossover PK trial in 16 healthy adults found a micellar 130-mg silymarin formulation produced about 18.9-fold higher Cmax and 11.4-fold higher 24-hour AUC than a standard product. No adverse events were observed in this small single-dose study. Higher exposure is not evidence of superior clinical efficacy.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1155/padi/1319419", "title": "PMID 40860042", "pmid": "40860042", "doi": "10.1155/padi/1319419", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40860042/", "studyType": "Systematic review of clinical trials", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "A 2025 systematic review found only 5 clinical trials totaling 108 participants. Results were generally favorable for motor symptoms/on-time and some therapy complications, but only one trial was rated high quality and interventions were heterogeneous. The evidence remains promising rather than definitive.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "mucuna", "ingredientName": "Mucuna", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/mucuna/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2025 systematic review found only 5 clinical trials totaling 108 participants. Results were generally favorable for motor symptoms/on-time and some therapy complications, but only one trial was rated high quality and interventions were heterogeneous. The evidence remains promising rather than definitive.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.exger.2025.112919", "title": "PMID 41057090", "pmid": "41057090", "doi": "10.1016/j.exger.2025.112919", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41057090/", "studyType": "Systematic review/meta-analysis of clinical trials", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "A 2025 systematic review/meta-analysis of 10 clinical trials in adults over 60 found improved sleep-quality scores with inhaled lavender, but heterogeneity was high (I² 87.5%) and long-term safety/effectiveness remain uncertain. This is inhalation evidence and should remain separate from oral Silexan.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "lavender", "ingredientName": "Lavender", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/lavender/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2025 systematic review/meta-analysis of 10 clinical trials in adults over 60 found improved sleep-quality scores with inhaled lavender, but heterogeneity was high (I² 87.5%) and long-term safety/effectiveness remain uncertain. This is inhalation evidence and should remain separate from oral Silexan.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.imr.2025.101263", "title": "PMID 41322721", "pmid": "41322721", "doi": "10.1016/j.imr.2025.101263", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41322721/", "studyType": "Systematic review of human adverse events", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "A 2025/2026 systematic review of medicinal/edible seed safety identified 703 adverse events across eight seed medicines; Myristicae semen contributed one serious adverse event. Most events across the dataset involved children or excessive intake. These counts do not establish nutmeg-specific incidence but strengthen overdose/child-safety warnings.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "myristica-fragrans", "ingredientName": "Myristica Fragrans", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/myristica-fragrans/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2025/2026 systematic review of medicinal/edible seed safety identified 703 adverse events across eight seed medicines; Myristicae semen contributed one serious adverse event. Most events across the dataset involved children or excessive intake. These counts do not establish nutmeg-specific incidence but strengthen overdose/child-safety warnings.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.2147/dddt.s586556", "title": "PMID 41710586", "pmid": "41710586", "doi": "10.2147/dddt.s586556", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41710586/", "studyType": "Narrative review of human studies + case reports", "evidenceClass": "case_report", "result": "A 2026 narrative review mapped 22 clinical trials and 9 published case reports. Human findings were heterogeneous and preparation-specific; the review describes generally good tolerability but notes rare hypersensitivity and thrombotic events, reinforcing the need for standardized products and larger controlled trials.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "moringa", "ingredientName": "Moringa", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/moringa/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2026 narrative review mapped 22 clinical trials and 9 published case reports. Human findings were heterogeneous and preparation-specific; the review describes generally good tolerability but notes rare hypersensitivity and thrombotic events, reinforcing the need for standardized products and larger controlled trials.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "case_report" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1200/go-25-00386", "title": "PMID 41812092", "pmid": "41812092", "doi": "10.1200/go-25-00386", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41812092/", "studyType": "Phase III randomized controlled trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "A 2026 phase III triple-blind randomized placebo-controlled multicenter trial reported faster platelet recovery with papaya-leaf extract in chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. However, the journal issued an Expression of Concern on July 22, 2026, so the result should not be upgraded as settled high-quality evidence while the concern is unresolved.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "papaya-leaf", "ingredientName": "Papaya Leaf", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/papaya-leaf/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2026 phase III triple-blind randomized placebo-controlled multicenter trial reported faster platelet recovery with papaya-leaf extract in chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. However, the journal issued an Expression of Concern on July 22, 2026, so the result should not be upgraded as settled high-quality evidence while the concern is unresolved.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1177/20420986261446460", "title": "PMID 42147407", "pmid": "42147407", "doi": "10.1177/20420986261446460", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42147407/", "studyType": "Literature-based safety analysis", "evidenceClass": "other", "result": "A 2026 literature analysis of 120 reports/trials identified recurrent licorice-related adverse-reaction patterns including hypokalemia/pseudohyperaldosteronism, hypertension/arrhythmia and allergy. Higher-risk contexts included older age, hepatic/renal disease, off-label dosing and co-use with thiazide diuretics or drugs that disturb electrolytes/heart rhythm.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "licorice", "ingredientName": "Licorice", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/licorice/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "A 2026 literature analysis of 120 reports/trials identified recurrent licorice-related adverse-reaction patterns including hypokalemia/pseudohyperaldosteronism, hypertension/arrhythmia and allergy. Higher-risk contexts included older age, hepatic/renal disease, off-label dosing and co-use with thiazide diuretics or drugs that disturb electrolytes/heart rhythm.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1200/go-26-00494", "title": "PMID 42485600", "pmid": "42485600", "doi": "10.1200/go-26-00494", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42485600/", "studyType": "Expression of Concern / editorial notice", "evidenceClass": "other", "result": "JCO Global Oncology published an Expression of Concern on July 22, 2026 for the 2026 papaya-leaf chemotherapy-induced-thrombocytopenia trial. This is a material post-publication evidence change and should be attached directly to the trial record.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "papaya-leaf", "ingredientName": "Papaya Leaf", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/papaya-leaf/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "JCO Global Oncology published an Expression of Concern on July 22, 2026 for the 2026 papaya-leaf chemotherapy-induced-thrombocytopenia trial. This is a material post-publication evidence change and should be attached directly to the trial record.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1638645", "title": "Potential therapeutic benefits of curcumin in depression or anxiety induced by chronic diseases: a systematic review of mechanistic and clinical evidence", "pmid": "40918536", "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2025.1638645", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40918536/", "studyType": "meta_analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Depressive symptoms improved (SMD -0.65, 95% CI -1.16 to -0.13; I²=93%); anxiety symptoms improved modestly (SMD -0.22, 95% CI -0.40 to -0.05; I²=0%).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "curcumin", "ingredientName": "Curcumin", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/curcumin/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Depressive symptoms improved (SMD -0.65, 95% CI -1.16 to -0.13; I²=93%); anxiety symptoms improved modestly (SMD -0.22, 95% CI -0.40 to -0.05; I²=0%).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.3390/jcm14217710", "title": "Promising, but Not Completely Conclusive-The Effect of l-Theanine on Cognitive Performance Based on the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials", "pmid": "41227106", "doi": "10.3390/jcm14217710", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41227106/", "studyType": "meta_analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "A dose-dependent benefit was reported for rapid visual information processing/recognition visual reaction time (MD -15.20 ms, 95% CI -28.99 to -1.41).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "l-theanine", "ingredientName": "L-theanine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/l-theanine/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "A dose-dependent benefit was reported for rapid visual information processing/recognition visual reaction time (MD -15.20 ms, 95% CI -28.99 to -1.41).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1186/s12263-025-00786-5", "title": "Psyllium supplementation and lipid profiles: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "pmid": "41366295", "doi": "10.1186/s12263-025-00786-5", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41366295/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Psyllium significantly reduced LDL and total cholesterol, while triglycerides and HDL did not significantly change.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "psyllium", "ingredientName": "Psyllium", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/psyllium/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "Psyllium significantly reduced LDL and total cholesterol, while triglycerides and HDL did not significantly change.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:16094725", "title": "Published case reports describe acute hepatitis temporally associated with noni products. The signal is low-incidence/uncertain-causality but clinically relevant enough to retain a liver caution.", "pmid": "16094725", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16094725/", "studyType": "Case report(s)", "evidenceClass": "case_report", "result": "Published case reports describe acute hepatitis temporally associated with noni products. The signal is low-incidence/uncertain-causality but clinically relevant enough to retain a liver caution.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "noni", "ingredientName": "Noni", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/noni/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "Published case reports describe acute hepatitis temporally associated with noni products. The signal is low-incidence/uncertain-causality but clinically relevant enough to retain a liver caution.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "case_report" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.7759/cureus.56530", "title": "Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Study of Passiflora incarnata in Participants With Stress and Sleep Problems", "pmid": "38646244", "doi": "10.7759/cureus.56530", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38646244/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Stress, sleep, and quality-of-life measures improved versus placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "passiflora-incarnata", "ingredientName": "Passionflower", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/passiflora-incarnata/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Stress, sleep, and quality-of-life measures improved versus placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "url:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmc6100060/", "title": "Requires manual source normalization to PMID, DOI, PMC, or authoritative URL.", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6100060/", "evidenceClass": "other", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "echinacoside", "ingredientName": "echinacoside", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/echinacoside/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "url:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmc8956065/", "title": "Requires manual source normalization to PMID, DOI, PMC, or authoritative URL.", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8956065/", "evidenceClass": "other", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "gotu-kola", "ingredientName": "Gotu Kola Centella asiatica", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/gotu-kola/", "evidenceGrade": "Unassigned", "relationship": "background", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "pmid:38758503", "title": "Safety and Efficacy of AlphaWave® L-Theanine Supplementation for 28 Days in Healthy Adults with Moderate Stress: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial", "pmid": "38758503", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38758503/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Some sleep/cognitive outcomes improved, but perceived stress and cortisol findings were not uniformly superior to placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "l-theanine", "ingredientName": "L-theanine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/l-theanine/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Some sleep/cognitive outcomes improved, but perceived stress and cortisol findings were not uniformly superior to placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1080/02791072.2024.2424279", "title": "Safety and Efficacy of Ashwagandha Root Extract on Cognition, Energy and Mood Problems in Adults: Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study", "pmid": "39498904", "doi": "10.1080/02791072.2024.2424279", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39498904/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "600 mg/day for 8 weeks improved selected cognition, energy, and mood measures versus placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "ashwagandha", "ingredientName": "Ashwagandha Withania somnifera", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/ashwagandha/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "600 mg/day for 8 weeks improved selected cognition, energy, and mood measures versus placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1002/fsn3.71388", "title": "Safety and Tolerability of Withania somnifera Root Extract in Healthy Male Participants: A Pilot Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial", "pmid": "41458530", "doi": "10.1002/fsn3.71388", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41458530/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Adds controlled tolerability data in healthy men.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": 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"doi": "10.5534/wjmh.230222", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38164033/", "studyType": "Cochrane review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "Serenoa alone produced little or no meaningful improvement in urinary symptoms or quality of life; combination evidence was uncertain.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "serenoa-repens", "ingredientName": "Serenoa Repens", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/serenoa-repens/", "evidenceGrade": "C", "relationship": "background", "result": "Serenoa alone produced little or no meaningful improvement in urinary symptoms or quality of life; combination evidence was uncertain.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.jacasi.2026.06.011", "title": "Sex-Specific Lipid, Apolipoprotein B, and Lipoprotein(a) Responses to Berberine Based on 2 Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials", "pmid": "42470424", "doi": "10.1016/j.jacasi.2026.06.011", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42470424/", "studyType": "randomized_controlled_trial_analysis", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Berberine reduced atherogenic lipids, apoB, and Lp(a), with larger lipid changes reported in women than men.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "berberine", "ingredientName": "Berberine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/berberine/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Berberine reduced atherogenic lipids, apoB, and Lp(a), with larger lipid changes reported in women than men.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.7759/cureus.110935", "title": "Standardized Saffron Extract Formulation for Low Mood and Subclinical Depressive Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial", "pmid": "42465135", "doi": "10.7759/cureus.110935", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42465135/", "studyType": "randomized_controlled_trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "POMS, affective-state measures, DASS-21, PSQI, and serum cortisol improved versus placebo, with effects reported by day 28 and maintained through day 56.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "saffron-extract", "ingredientName": "Saffron Extract", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/saffron-extract/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "POMS, affective-state measures, DASS-21, PSQI, and serum cortisol improved versus placebo, with effects reported by day 28 and maintained through day 56.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1111/apt.17179", "title": "Systematic review and meta-analysis: efficacy of peppermint oil in irritable bowel syndrome", "pmid": "35942669", "doi": "10.1111/apt.17179", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35942669/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Peppermint oil improved global IBS symptoms and abdominal pain versus placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "peppermint", "ingredientName": "Peppermint Mentha × piperita", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/peppermint/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Peppermint oil improved global IBS symptoms and abdominal pain versus placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112719", "title": "Taurine ameliorates blood pressure and vascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "pmid": "40546935", "doi": "10.1016/j.isci.2025.112719", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40546935/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "The trial reported improvements in blood pressure and vascular-function measures.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "taurine", "ingredientName": "Taurine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/taurine/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "The trial reported improvements in blood pressure and vascular-function measures.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "title": "Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "pmid": "38755142", "doi": "10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38755142/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Taurine reduced systolic/diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, and triglycerides in pooled analyses.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "taurine", "ingredientName": "Taurine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/taurine/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Taurine reduced systolic/diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, and triglycerides in pooled analyses.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1038/s41366-025-01943-x", "title": "The effect of berberine on obesity indices: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "pmid": "41310257", "doi": "10.1038/s41366-025-01943-x", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41310257/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Modest pooled reductions in weight, BMI, and waist circumference; no clear waist-to-hip-ratio effect.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "berberine", "ingredientName": "Berberine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/berberine/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Modest pooled reductions in weight, BMI, and waist circumference; no clear waist-to-hip-ratio effect.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.10.019", "title": "The Effect of Berberine Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Metabolic Disorders: An Umbrella Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "pmid": "38016844", "doi": "10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.10.019", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38016844/", "studyType": "Umbrella review", "evidenceClass": "narrative_review", "result": "Higher-level pooled evidence supports improvements in selected glycemic and inflammatory biomarkers.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "berberine", "ingredientName": "Berberine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/berberine/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Higher-level pooled evidence supports improvements in selected glycemic and inflammatory biomarkers.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "narrative_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1186/s41043-025-00967-3", "title": "The effect of cinnamon supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a GRADE assessed systematic review, dose-response and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "pmid": "40611215", "doi": "10.1186/s41043-025-00967-3", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40611215/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Pooled RCT evidence showed reductions across waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, CRP, LDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and MDA.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "cinnamomum-verum", "ingredientName": "Cinnamon", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/cinnamomum-verum/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Pooled RCT evidence showed reductions across waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, CRP, LDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and MDA.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1007/s00228-025-03904-9", "title": "The effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on depressive symptoms and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "pmid": "40833470", "doi": "10.1007/s00228-025-03904-9", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40833470/", "studyType": "meta_analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "MADRS outcomes from 3 trials (n=158) favored CoQ10 (SMD -0.97); low-dose 100-200 mg/day subgroup also favored CoQ10 (SMD -0.84).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "coq10", "ingredientName": "Coenzyme Q10", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/coq10/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "MADRS outcomes from 3 trials (n=158) favored CoQ10 (SMD -0.97); low-dose 100-200 mg/day subgroup also favored CoQ10 (SMD -0.84).", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1177/07067437251408171", "title": "The Effect of Creatine Monohydrate on Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials", "pmid": "41558805", "doi": "10.1177/07067437251408171", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41558805/", "studyType": "Systematic review", "evidenceClass": "systematic_review", "result": "Some adult major-depression trials found adjunctive benefit, while adolescent depression and bipolar-depression augmentation findings were null. | Adult MDD trials showed promise for creatine augmentation of escitalopram (one trial, Cohen's d=1.13 at 8 weeks) and CBT; other trials, including female adolescents and bipolar depression, did not show a placebo difference.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "creatine", "ingredientName": "Creatine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/creatine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "Some adult major-depression trials found adjunctive benefit, while adolescent depression and bipolar-depression augmentation findings were null. | Adult MDD trials showed promise for creatine augmentation of escitalopram (one trial, Cohen's d=1.13 at 8 weeks) and CBT; other trials, including female adolescents and bipolar depression, did not show a placebo difference.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "systematic_review" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_276_23", "title": "The Effect of Curcumin Plus Piperine on Mental Health Status, Sleep Quality, and Anthropometric Indices in Patients with Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial", "pmid": "41924225", "doi": "10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_276_23", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41924225/", "studyType": "randomized_controlled_trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Curcumin+piperine improved sleep quality (p=0.025), depression (p<0.001), anxiety (p=0.005), stress (p=0.024), BMI (p=0.003), and waist circumference (p=0.038) versus placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "curcumin-piperine", "ingredientName": "Curcumin + piperine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/curcumin-piperine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "Curcumin+piperine improved sleep quality (p=0.025), depression (p<0.001), anxiety (p=0.005), stress (p=0.024), BMI (p=0.003), and waist circumference (p=0.038) versus placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.2174/2589977515666230818092814", "title": "The Effect of Fenugreek on the Severity of Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", "pmid": "37594100", "doi": "10.2174/2589977515666230818092814", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37594100/", "studyType": "Meta-analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Fenugreek showed a large pooled reduction in primary-dysmenorrhea pain versus placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "trigonella-foenum-graecum", "ingredientName": "Fenugreek", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/trigonella-foenum-graecum/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Fenugreek showed a large pooled reduction in primary-dysmenorrhea pain versus placebo.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1039/d5fo03679h", "title": "The effect of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure in adults: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials", "pmid": "41784995", "doi": "10.1039/d5fo03679h", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41784995/", "studyType": "umbrella_review_meta_analysis", "evidenceClass": "meta_analysis", "result": "Vitamin C supplementation may reduce systolic blood pressure by approximately 3.7 mmHg.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "vitamin-c", "ingredientName": "Vitamin C", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/vitamin-c/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "Vitamin C supplementation may reduce systolic blood pressure by approximately 3.7 mmHg.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "meta_analysis" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1186/s12906-025-04840-y", "title": "The effectiveness of Melissa officinalis L. essential oil inhalation on anxiety and symptom burden of hemodialysis patients: a randomized trial study", "pmid": "40082838", "doi": "10.1186/s12906-025-04840-y", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40082838/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "lemon-balm", "ingredientName": "Lemon balm", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/lemon-balm/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "Post-intervention state/trait anxiety differed significantly between groups, along with several symptom-severity outcomes including worry/nervousness/anxiety and trouble staying asleep.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] }, { "ingredientSlug": "melissa-officinalis", "ingredientName": "Lemon Balm", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/melissa-officinalis/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "One month of lemon-balm essential-oil inhalation reduced state/trait anxiety and several symptom-burden measures versus control.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1080/27697061.2025.2551184", "title": "The Effects of 8-Week Creatine Hydrochloride and Creatine Ethyl Ester Supplementation on Cognition, Clinical Outcomes, and Brain Creatine Levels in Perimenopausal and Menopausal Women (CONCRET-MENOPA): A Randomized Controlled Trial", "pmid": "40854087", "doi": "10.1080/27697061.2025.2551184", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40854087/", "studyType": "randomized_controlled_trial", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "The 1,500 mg/day creatine HCl group outperformed placebo for reaction-time improvement and increased frontal brain creatine; serum lipid profiles also improved.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "creatine", "ingredientName": "Creatine", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/creatine/", "evidenceGrade": "D", "relationship": "background", "result": "The 1,500 mg/day creatine HCl group outperformed placebo for reaction-time improvement and increased frontal brain creatine; serum lipid profiles also improved.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [] } ], "relationshipSummary": "background", "publicationYearCandidates": [], "publicationYearAmbiguous": false, "studyClassCandidates": [ "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "studyClassAmbiguous": false, "participantCountCandidates": [], "participantCountAmbiguous": false }, { "id": "doi:10.1007/s40261-025-01492-1", "title": "The Effects of a Bacopa monnieri Extract (Bacumen®) on Cognition, Stress, and Fatigue in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial", "pmid": "41091332", "doi": "10.1007/s40261-025-01492-1", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41091332/", "studyType": "RCT", "evidenceClass": "randomized_controlled_trial", "result": "Adds randomized evidence for cognition, stress, and fatigue outcomes in healthy adults. | Secondary outcomes showed greater reductions in self-reported stress reactivity and in fatigue/stress after a cognitively demanding task.", "confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "bacopa", "ingredientName": "Bacopa", "ingredientType": "herb", "ingredientPath": "/herbs/bacopa/", "evidenceGrade": "A", "relationship": "background", "result": "Adds randomized 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"confidence": "unknown", "conditions": [], "relationships": [ { "ingredientSlug": "saffron-extract", "ingredientName": "Saffron Extract", "ingredientType": "compound", "ingredientPath": "/compounds/saffron-extract/", "evidenceGrade": "B", "relationship": "background", "result": "Saffron improved DASS-21 depression versus placebo (adjusted mean difference 2.37, 95% CI 0.23-4.51; d=0.48); 48.8% versus 25.6% achieved a clinically meaningful depression improvement. 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