Substance use · dependence · withdrawal · harm reduction
Substance Use, Dependence & Harm Reduction
A research-first section for compounds that sit at the intersection of pharmacology, dependence, withdrawal, overdose risk, product uncertainty, and emerging drug markets. The goal is to separate established human evidence from receptor assays, case reports, marketing claims, and speculation.
Start here
The highest-signal evidence pages
These pages have the strongest combination of human relevance, current reader demand, and direct dependence or opioid-pharmacology questions.
Mitragynine
The main kratom alkaloid: pharmacology, human data, metabolism, safety, and what evidence does and does not support.
Read evidence →7-Hydroxymitragynine (7-OH)
Opioid pharmacology, respiratory-depression evidence, dependence and withdrawal reports, and major evidence gaps.
Read evidence →Tianeptine
Why an atypical antidepressant also behaves as a mu-opioid receptor agonist, with U.S. safety warnings and dependence evidence.
Read evidence →Kratom-derived opioid cluster
Mitragynine, 7-OH, MGM-15 and related compounds
This cluster deliberately separates whole-leaf kratom, naturally occurring alkaloids, metabolites, concentrates, and semi-synthetic derivatives instead of treating them as one exposure.
MGM-15 / Dihydro-7-Hydroxymitragynine
A potent semi-synthetic kratom-derived opioid with very limited human safety data.
Read evidence →Mitragynine Pseudoindoxyl
A potent kratom metabolite/derivative with emerging human withdrawal case reports and major product-quality uncertainty.
Read evidence →Corynoxine B
Conflicting opioid-receptor assays, newer human-MOR activity, and why receptor activity is not the same thing as proven addiction.
Read evidence →7-OH vs MGM-15 vs Mitragynine Pseudoindoxyl
A side-by-side evidence and safety comparison of three kratom-derived opioids.
Read evidence →Dependence, withdrawal & risk reduction
Clinical questions need a different evidence standard
Receptor potency does not tell you how withdrawal will unfold in a person. These resources prioritize human reports, clinical guidance, poison-center data, product uncertainty, and the limits of self-directed management.
Kratom & 7-OH Withdrawal: Evidence and Clinical Context
What is known about tolerance, dependence, withdrawal, and when medical assessment matters.
Read evidence →Harm Reduction for Kratom-Derived Semi-Synthetic Opioids
Product uncertainty, potency escalation, co-use risk, and evidence limitations without normalizing unsafe use.
Read evidence →Harm Reduction Foundations
General risk-reduction principles, uncertainty, and why product identity and co-exposures matter.
Read evidence →Research frontier
Psychedelics, novel and poorly characterized substances
This collection separates compounds with controlled human evidence, such as 2C-B, from substances whose markets are moving faster than the clinical literature. Thin evidence is shown as a limitation rather than filled with confident guesses.
2C-B: Human Evidence, Risks & Pharmacology
Controlled human studies, toxicology, product-identity uncertainty, and severe-case evidence without dosing or use-optimization instructions.
Read evidence →Novel Psychoactive Substances
The broader research collection for emerging compounds with limited or rapidly changing human evidence.
Read evidence →Kratom-Derived Semi-Synthetic Opioids
What is actually changing in concentrated and semi-synthetic kratom markets.
Read evidence →The Rise of Novel Psychoactive Substances in 2026
A high-level map of the fast-moving NPS landscape and why evidence often lags the market.
Read evidence →How to read this section
Keep four questions separate
Pharmacology
What receptors or pathways does the compound affect, and at what concentration?
Exposure
Do real human exposures and blood levels reach the range implied by laboratory assays?
Dependence
Are tolerance, withdrawal, compulsive use, or loss of control documented in humans?
Treatment
Is there actual clinical evidence for managing toxicity or withdrawal, rather than an anecdote repeated as a protocol?