Compound Profile
Melatonin
Decision ready summary: Melatonin is best framed for sleep onset latency; jet lag; circadian rhythm shift; safety screen: sedatives; pregnancy without clinician guidance; autoimmune conditions review.
Last reviewed: •6 human studies cited
A StrongMonograph visual
Melatonin
The Hippie Scientist
Verdict: MelatoninSituation-dependent
Best for
- Jet lag
- Delayed sleep phase / shifted clock
- Resetting a disrupted schedule
Not ideal for
- Staying asleep through the night
- Everyday "can't switch off" insomnia
- A relaxation aid
- Evidence confidence
- Strong for timing (jet lag, delayed sleep phase); weak for general insomnia
- Expected onset
- 30–60 minutes (timing-dependent)
- Give it
- A few nights for circadian use
Bottom line: A timing signal, not a sedative. Excellent for jet lag and shifted clocks at low doses; underwhelming for ordinary insomnia, where lower doses often beat higher ones.
Safety: Most people overshoot the dose; more is not better and can cause next-day grogginess. Use the lowest effective amount and involve a clinician for children or ongoing use.
On the evidence: Robust for circadian rhythm timing; effect on general insomnia is small.
Consider instead: Magnesium — for relaxation-type sleep trouble
How strong is the evidence?Moderate — split by use case
Why not higher
- For ordinary insomnia the benefit is small (often minutes)
- Over-the-counter doses are frequently far higher than needed
- Long-term and pediatric data are limited
Why not lower
- Strong, consistent evidence for circadian uses (jet lag, delayed sleep phase)
- The mechanism (circadian signaling) is well understood
- Short-term use is well tolerated in healthy adults
Practical takeaway: Best matched to a timing problem, at the lowest effective dose. If the issue is "can't switch off," a relaxation-first option often fits better. Involve a clinician for children or ongoing use.
Where to go next — guides & comparisons
Start here — new to this? Begin with Best supplements for sleep
Compare before choosing
- Magnesium vs. melatonin — if unsure which fits your sleep problem
- Melatonin vs. valerian vs. magnesium — if comparing the main sleep options
- Sleep herbs vs. melatonin — if deciding between herbs and a hormone
Continue reading
- If you want help sleeping → Sleep guides
- If you want to browse more compounds → All compounds
Quick Stats
Evidence level
Strong evidence
Typical onset
Varies by prep
Safety rating
Use extra caution: Use caution
Best for
Melatonin Receptors MT1/MT2, Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, MT1 MT2
Safety & Cautions
Safety evidence
higher-dose adult trials found more drowsiness, headache, and dizziness without a detected serious-adverse-event increase, but reporting and long-term evidence were limited
Who should avoid this?
No specific evidence-backed contraindication is documented for this profile. This is not the same as established safety.
Driving, concurrent sedatives, pregnancy, breastfeeding, pediatric use, and chronic use require individualized review.
Talk to a healthcare professional if: you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Evidence-based safety
Caution when combined
These pairings share a flagged risk mechanism. They are additive-effect cautions derived from contraindication data, not confirmed clinical interactions. Consult a clinician before combining.
High-Priority Caution
147 flagged pairingsBleeding / anticoagulant risk
High-Priority Caution
147 flagged pairingsBleeding / anticoagulant risk
Browse the grouped cautions below. The list scrolls inside this card when long.
Bleeding / anticoagulant risk
- aescin
- Aged Garlic Extract
- ajoene
- Ajwain
- Allicin
- Garlic
- American Ginseng Extract
- Andrographis
- Angelica Archangelica
- Angelica Dahurica
- Angelica Pubescens
- Angelica Root
- Angelica Sinensis
- Arjuna
- Artemisia Capillaris
- Artichoke
- Ashitaba
- Ashitaba Extract
- Astaxanthin
- Berberis
- Black Seed
- Black Seed Oil
- Blueberry
- Boldo
- Boswellia
- Capsicum
- Caraway
- Carnitine L Tartrate
- Cayenne
- Chamomile
- Chinese Skullcap
- Chuanxiong
- Cissus
- Citicoline
- Clove
- Cnidium Monnieri
- Coleus Forskohlii
- Commiphora Mukul
- Coenzyme Q10
- Cordyceps
- Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)
- crocetin
- crocin
- cryptotanshinone
- Curcuma Wenyujin
- Curcumin
- Damiana
- Danshen
- Devils Claw Extract
- Dong Quai
- EGCG
- Epimedium
- Epimedium Brevicornum
- Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis)
- Fenugreek
- Fenugreek Extract
- ferulic acid
- Feverfew
- Fisetin
- forskolin
- Fraxinus Rhynchophylla
- Fucoxanthin
- Galangal
- Reishi
- Garcinia Mangostana
- Garlic (Allium sativum)
- Garlic Aged Extract
- Garlic Extract
- Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
- Ginkgo
- Ginkgo Biloba Extract
- Ginkgo Extract EGb 761
- Panax Red Ginseng
- Panax White Ginseng
- ginsenoside rg3
- Glucosamine
- Goldenseal
- Lion's Mane
- Holy Basil / Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum)
- Horse Chestnut
- hydroxytyrosol
- Japanese Knotweed
- Kudzu
- L-Carnitine
- Ligusticum Chuanxiong
- Magnolia
- Mangosteen
- Maral Root
- Chamomile
- MSM
- Myrtle
- Nettle Root
- Nigella Sativa
- Noni
- Notoginseng
- Ocimum Basilicum
- Olive Leaf Extract
- Oregano
- Paeonia Lactiflora
- Asian Ginseng
- Panax Ginseng Extract
- Papaya Leaf
- Pastinaca Sativa
- Pau D'arco
- Perilla
- Phosphatidylserine
- Piper Longum
- Bifidobacterium Probiotic
- Lactobacillus Probiotic
- Probiotics - Bifidobacterium spp.
- Probiotics - Lactobacillus spp.
- Psoralea Corylifolia
- Pycnogenol
- Quercetin
- Quercetin Phytosome
- Red Clover
- Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum)
- Resveratrol
- Rhodiola Extract SHR-5
- Rose Hips
- Rosemary
- Saffron
- Saffron Extract
- Salvia miltiorrhiza
- Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens)
- Saw Palmetto Extract
- Schisandra Berry
- Schisandra Chinensis
- Scutellaria Baicalensis
- Selaginella Tamariscina
- Soybean
- Syzygium Aromaticum
- Terminalia arjuna
- Thunder God Vine
- Thyme
- Tongkat Ali
- Trans-Resveratrol
- Fenugreek
- Tripterygium Wilfordii
- Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
- Turmeric Curcumin + Piperine
- Valerian
- Vitamin D3 + K2
- Grape
- White Peony
- Willow Bark Extract
- Yarrow
Moderate Caution
68 flagged pairingsSedation / CNS depression
Moderate Caution
68 flagged pairingsSedation / CNS depression
Browse the grouped cautions below. The list scrolls inside this card when long.
Sedation / CNS depression
- American Yellow Lotus
- Artemisia Absinthium
- Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
- Bacopa
- Black Seed
- Black Tea
- Blue Lotus
- Calamus
- Catuba
- Celastrus Paniculatus
- Chamomile
- Chinese Skullcap
- Coriandrum Sativum
- Corydalis
- Cymbopogon Citratus
- Damiana
- California Poppy
- Eucalyptus
- Gastrodia
- Glycine
- Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica)
- Hops
- Hypericum Perforatum
- Jatamansi
- Jujube
- Lavender
- Lavender
- Lavender Extract
- Lemon balm
- Lemon Balm Extract
- Lemon Verbena
- Lemongrass
- Lobelia Inflata
- Longan
- Magnolia
- Lemon Balm
- Milk Oats
- Mugwort
- Muira Puama
- Myristica Fragrans
- Nicotiana Glauca
- Nicotiana Tabacum
- Oatstraw
- Ocimum Basilicum
- Parsley
- Passionflower
- Passionflower
- Passionflower Extract
- Passionflower Extract (Standardized)
- Kava
- Polygala
- Poria
- Raspberry Leaf
- Sage
- Schisandra Berry
- Schisandra Chinensis
- Scutellaria Baicalensis
- Skullcap
- Shankhpushpi
- Sophora Flavescens
- theanine
- Valeriana officinalis
- Valerian Extract (Standardized)
- Valerian Root Extract
- Valerian
- Verbena Officinalis
- Ashwagandha
- Wormwood
Evidence Summary
A StrongEvidence lens
Most useful for practical interpretation when safety context also fits.
StrongStrong evidence
Human clinical evidence: Present in source signals
Mechanistic / preclinical: Mechanism mapped — Immune Signaling Modulation · Hormonal Signaling Context · Circadian Rhythm Modulation
Research maturity: More interpretable — main contexts: Melatonin Receptors MT1/MT2 · Suprachiasmatic Nucleus · MT1 MT2
Safety boundary: Safety note available — Safety evidence: higher dose adult trials found more drowsiness, headache, and dizziness without a detected serious adverse event increase, but reporting and long term evidence were limited.
This profile cites 6 human studies.
Evidence Strength
Confidence estimate based on the design quality and consistency of published clinical trials.
Melatonin has a strong evidence evidence rating.
Sleep SupportSleep
Citation density
2.0
Sources
6
Effects
3
Research recency
Mixed recency
How evidence grades work
Each grade reflects the strength and consistency of published human evidence — not marketing claims. Grades are based on study count, design quality, effect size, consistency, and recency.
A
Strong
Multiple RCTs, consistent direction, adequate effect size
B
Moderate
Some RCTs or consistent observational data in humans
C
Preliminary / Mixed
Animal or in-vitro only, or conflicting human data
D
Traditional / Theoretical
Traditional use only; no controlled human trials
Clinical Study Summaries (6)Cited studies informing this profile. RCTs and reviews shown first.
| Study | Type | Sample | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
F. Cruz-Sanabria; S. Bruno; A. Crippa; P. Frumento; M. Scarselli; Debra J. Skene; U. Faraguna (2024) | Meta-analysis | — | Source → |
Safety of higher doses of melatonin in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis Zoe M Schrire; C. Phillips; J. Chapman; S. Duffy; G. Wong; A. D’Rozario; M. Comas; I. Raisin; B. Saini; C. Gordon; A. McKinnon; S. Naismith; N. Marshall; R. Grunstein; C. Hoyos (2021) | Meta-analysis | — | Source → |
PubMed | — | — | PubMed → |
PubMed | — | — | PubMed → |
PubMed | — | — | PubMed → |
PubMed | — | — | PubMed → |
How Melatonin Works
Simplified mechanism pathway based on preclinical and pharmacological evidence. Does not confirm clinical efficacy.
Mechanism Pathway — How Melatonin Works
CompoundTarget / ReceptorMechanismEffect / Outcome
Mechanisms & Biological Pathways▼
Preclinical mechanism details from scientific profiles; these represent plausible pathways but do not guarantee clinical efficacy in humans.
Immune Signaling ModulationHormonal Signaling ContextCircadian Rhythm ModulationMelatonin Receptor Agonism
Goal guides
Condition guides
Continue exploring
Related research paths
Compare & Sourcing
Compare side-by-side tradeoffs or verify active marker guidelines.
Review available sources for Melatonin
Independent database mapping — evaluated separately from safety and efficacy scores.
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Related alternatives
Herbs for similar conditions
Tradeoffs
Free safety checklist
Get the Melatonin evidence notes
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Supplement stacking
Stack Melatonin With
Commonly paired with Melatonin. Review interactions and dosage before combining.
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Affiliate-ready sourcing
Melatonin product picks
Affiliate recommendations for Melatonin. Review safety, dose, and product quality before buying.
Affiliate disclosure: we may earn a commission from qualifying links at no extra cost to you. How we stay independent.
Product Form & Quality Guidelines
When sourcing Melatonin, verify the label for:
- Standardized Extract: Confirm active content percentages on the supplement facts panel (e.g. standardized to specific marker compounds) rather than simple raw herb weights.
- Third-Party Testing: Look for independent purity labels (USP, NSF, ConsumerLab, or Eurofins) to ensure the product is free from heavy metals, solvents, and contaminants.
- Form Bioavailability: Ensure the form matches evidence-supported configurations (e.g. chelated bisglycinate/glycinate for magnesium, micronized monohydrate for creatine) for optimal onset and digestion tolerance.
Safety first · Harm reduction
This information is educational and not medical advice. Start low, avoid risky combinations, and consult a licensed clinician before making health decisions—especially if you use medications, have diagnosed conditions, or are pregnant/breastfeeding.
Learn how we evaluate confidence, safety, and intensity on the methodology page.
Editorial Review
Checked against primary sources, cited evidence, and contraindication language before publication. Evidence claims, safety language, and affiliate modules are reviewed independently. Not personal medical advice.
Compound profile context
How to interpret Melatonin
Melatonin dosage by use case, onset and duration, safety limits, and interactions for melatonin receptors mt1/mt2, graded against research. Strong Human… Use this compound profile to understand mechanism, evidence quality, and practical safety context before comparing products or building a stack. A biochemical pathway connection can be useful for discovery, but it is not the same as proven benefit in humans.
When reviewing Melatonin, separate the active molecule from the product category around it. Dose form, absorption, extract standardization, medication interactions, and individual sensitivity can change the real-world risk-benefit picture.
For supplement planning, avoid combining multiple compounds with overlapping sedating, stimulating, serotonergic, blood-pressure, anticoagulant, or liver-metabolism effects unless a qualified clinician has reviewed the context.